-
directional terms
Rostral
toward the beak
-
directional terms
caudal
toward the tail
-
directional terms
Ventral
toward the front – anterior
-
directional terms
Dorsal
toward the back – posterior
-
directional term
Superior
above
-
directional term
inferior
below
-
humans are different because we walk upright which means the brain must curve anteriorly_______ degrees toward the nose.
90
-
name the structures that a typical nerve cell contains
dendrite, cell body, Schwann cell, axon, axonal terminal
-
name the six types of nerve cells
unipolar, bipolar, pseudo-unipolar, multipolar, pyramidal, and Purkinje
-
where are bipolar cells located?
within the retinal region
-
where are pseudo-unipolar cells located?
the dorsal root ganglion
-
multipolar nerve cells have what kind of function?
motor function
-
pyramidal cells are typically located within what structure?
the hippocampus
-
where are Purkinje nerve cells located?
Purkinje fibers look like the hairdo of what person?
in the cerebellum
Don King
-
true or false – some pyramidal cells can be seen with the naked eye
true
-
true or false – these cells can be up to 4 to 5 feet
true
-
true or false – pseudo-unipolar cells have two axons
true
-
efferent axons sent messages away from the thalamus and have a __________ function
motor
-
afferent axons send messages toward the thalamus and have a _________ function
sensory
-
true or false – If a nerve is cut or damaged it is the nerve that causes the pain and not the surrounding tissue
false – the nerve itself doesn't hurt if the tissue covering the nerve that hurts
damage to the tissue causes inflammation and swelling = pressure on nerve = pain
-
functions of the spinal region
True or false – the primary purpose of the peripheral nervous system is to conduct information between the periphery and the brain
true
-
true or false – the spinal region does no information processing
false – the spinal cord is able to withdraw from painful stimulus. This action is done before the information can be processed by the brain.
-
-
in the spinal region the spinal cord is made up of central grey nuclei and white matter. Which is outer layer of the spinal cord?
white matter
-
in the spinal region, the spinal cord is made up of central grey nuclei and white matter. which is the inner layer the spinal cord?
the central gray nuclei
-
the gray nuclei is gray because it contains no
myelin
-
the cell bodies in a ganglion are located in the?
PNS
-
the nucleus or cortex is located within the?
CNS
-
how many pairs of spinal nerve roots are there that have both anterior and posterior roots
31
-
true or false – c1 always has a posterior root
false – C1 often doesn't have posterior roots
-
what two sections of the spinal cord have an enlarged area?
These areas are enlarged due to what structures?
C-5 – T1 and L2 – S3
The brachial plexus and the lumbosacral plexus
-
where does the spinal cord end?
L1
-
what does cauda equina mean?
horses tail
-
what is a tether release surgery?
a surgery that loosens the filum terminale when it is not long enough
-
the filum terminale plays what role for the spinal cord
it keeps the spinal cord from moving upwards
-
what does dura mater mean?
Is it the superficial, middle, or deep layer of the meninges?
tough mother
Superficial
-
what does Pia mater mean?
What is it?
delicate mother
interlayer which adheres to the nervous tissue
-
what does arachnoid mean?
spiderlike
-
where is the sub dural?
between the dura and the arachnoid
-
where is the subarachnoid space located
between arachnoid and pia
-
which are deeper; fissure or sulcus ?
fissure
-
where are the posterior intermediate sulci located?
from vertebral level T7 and above
-
what are the names of the three paired white columns?
The anterior, lateral, and posterior funiculi
-
how many paired columns are within the white matter?
three paired columns
-
what are funiculi?
Columns
-
true or false – horns are stacks of cell columns
true
-
how is gray matter organized?
- anterior horn
- posterior horn
-
the lateral gray horns go from T1 to?
L2/3
-
the lateral grey horns are also known as
intermediolateral cell columns
-
what are the functions of the brainstem?
Three things
- relay information between the brain in the spinal cord
- integrates information– eye movement with vestibular input
- regulates vital functions – respiration, heart rate, consciousness, arousal, blood pressure, G.I. tract, motility
-
the brainstem is made up of what three structures?
-
-
bulbopontine sulcus is also known as?
pontomedullary sulcus
-
how is the brain stem organized?
- Anterior third – basis
- middle third – tegmentum
- posterior third – tectum
-
what does tegmentum mean?
Floor
-
what does tectum mean
roof
-
cerebral peduncles are also known as
crus means?
crus cerebri
Legs
-
true or false – the pre-olivary sulci in the post –olvary sulci come together and become the anterior lateral sulcus
true
-
-
the tegmentum has how many colliculi on it?
Four
-
the median eminence is located on what structure
the pons
-
true or false – the trigones are located on the tegmentum
true
-
on the brainstem there are three cerebellar peduncles.what are they?
Superior middle and inferior
-
true or false – the superior cerebellar peduncles have messages that go INTO the cerebellum
false– information goes out of the cerebellum to the superior cerebellar peduncles
-
true or false – the inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles has information that goes into the cerebellum
true
-
where is a inferior cerebellar peduncles located?
medulla
-
the rhomboid fossa is what shape
diamond
-
what does tubercula mean
bumps
-
name the 12 cranial nerves
- olfactory– smell
- optic– vision
- ocular motor– eye movement
- trochlear– eye movement
- trigeminal– face sensory and mastication
- abducens– eye movement
- facial– taste salvation tears facial expression
- vestibulocochlear– hearing and balance
- glossophyaryngeal– taste swallowing salivation
- vagus- taste viscera and swallowing
- accessory– SCM and trapezium
- hypoglossal– tongue movement
-
the oculomotor nerve is located on the dorsal aspect of what structure in the brain
brainstem
-
what are the structures that are located within the diencephalon?
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalmus, and sub thalamus
-
true or false – the structures within the diencephalon are not paired?
false – they are paired
-
what does the thalamus do
it is the relay station; sensory, motor, limbic, memory, arousal and associative functions
-
what does the hypothalamus do
True or false - it has both sympathetic and parasympathetic influences
ANS, endocrine, temperature, heating, limbic
True
-
what does the epithalamus do?
circadian cycles regulation, endocrine regulation
-
what does the subthalamus do
motor circuitry
if damaged = motor disorders
-
what is the telencephalon?
AKA?
the brain
cerebral cortex, cortex, cortical region
-
why is the brain convoluted?
the convolutions allow for more brain cells and surface area
-
the lateral fissure is also known as
sylvian fissure
-
what are the five lobes of the brain?
frontal, occipital, temporal, parietal, insula
-
what is a pre-occipital notch caused by
a bony landmark near the foramen magnum
-
the insula lobe is associated with the
limbic system
-
the central sulcus divides the brain into?
- front and back
- or
- frontal lobe and parietal lobe
-
name the four poles of the brain
- frontal pole
- occipital pole
- temporal pole – right
- temporal pole – left
-
what is important about the pars opercularis
it is the area of speech generation – especially on the left side
-
if there is damage to the pars opercularis,the patient will demonstrate what condition?
expression aphasia or brocca's aphasia
-
What percentage of people convert auditory input into language we can understand on the left side of the brain?
95%
-
What is the operculum?
area in the brain where the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobe connect
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