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What vertical plane divides the body at the midline into left and right halves?
Median plane or midsagittal plane
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What type of plane is parallel to the median plane?
Sagittal
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What type of vertical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior?
Coronal or frontal plane
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What type of plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?
Horizonal or transverse plane
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What movement decreases the angle between bones or body parts?
Flexion
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What movement straightens a bent part or increases the angle between parts?
Extension
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What is movement of the trunk or head away from the median plane of the body in the coronal plane?
Lateral bending
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What is movement of a limb away from the median plane in the coronal plane?
Abduction
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What is movement of a limb toward the median plane in the coronal plane?
Adduction
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What is the movement in which the thumb pad is brought toward a finger pad?
Opposition
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What is movement anterior as occurs in a protruding mandible?
Protraction
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What is movement posterior as it occurs in the mandible?
Retraction
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What movemnt turns the plantar surface of the foot toward the median plane of the body?
Inversion
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What movement turns the plantar surface of the foot away from the median line of the body?
Eversion
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What movement rotates the forearm so the dorsum of the hand faces posteriorly?
Supination
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What movement rotates the forearm so the dorsum of the hand faces anteriorly?
Pronation
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What is movement of a joint around its long axis?
Rotation
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What movement combines flexion, abduction, adduction, extension and rotation?
Circumduction
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What is the meeting of the lambdoidal, occipitomastoid and parietomastoid sutures called?
Asterion
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What is the meeting of the great wing of the sphenoid and the parietal bone?
Pterion
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What is another name for the external occipital protuberance?
Inion
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What is the point where the lambdoidal and sagittal sutures meet?
Lambda
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What is the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures?
Bregma
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What are the soft spots in the skull of a newborn infant?
Fontanelles
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Where is the anterior fontanelle located?
Bregma
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Which of the fontanelles is the largest?
Anterior
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Where is the posterior fontanelle located?
Lambda
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Where is the lateral fontanelle located?
Pterion
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Where is the Mastoid fontanelle located?
Asterion
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What muscle divides the neck into anterior and posterior triangles?
Sternocleidomastoid
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What 4 triangles are contained within the anterior triangle of the neck?
Muscular, submandibular (digastric), carotid, submental
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Which triangle contains the thyroid?
Muscular
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What 2 triangles are contained in the posterior triangle of the neck?
Occipital and omoclavicular (supraclavicular)
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What wide thin muscle is located in the superficial fascia of the neck?
Platysma muscle
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What are the actions of the platysma muscle?
Tensing the skin and drawing the corners of the mouth inferior. Also acts during intense inspiration
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What nerve supplies the platysma muscle?
Cervical branch of the CN VII (supraclavicular nerve)
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What vertebral level is the thyroid cartilage at?
C4/5
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What cartilage is the Adam's apple?
Thyroid cartilage
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At what level is the carotid tubercle?
C6 (ant. tubercle)
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What anterior cervical muscles are above the hyoid?
MSG Die: Mylohyoid, stylohyoid, geniohyoid, digastric
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What anterior cervical muscles are below the hyoid?
TOSS: Thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid
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Which ribs are true ribs?
1-7
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Which ribs are false ribs?
8-12
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Which ribs are floating ribs?
11-12
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Which ribs articulate with only one vertebra?
1, 10, 11, 12 (all of the numbers with a 1)
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Which vertebra do ribs 2-9 articulate with?
The vertebra of the same number and the vertebra above
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Where do the tubercles of ribs articulate?
With the TP of the same number
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Do ribs 11 and 12 articulate with the TP of their corresponding vertebra?
No
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What type of joints are costovertebral and costotransverse joints?
gliding
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What type of joints are costochondral joints?
Cartilaginous
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Which vertebra are atypical?
T1, 9,10,11,12
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Which ribs are atypical?
1, 10, 11, 12
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What are the medial boundaries of the axilla?
Upper ribs and serratus anterior muscle
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What is the lateral boundary of the axilla?
Humerus
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What are the posterior boundaries of the axilla?
Subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi muscles
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What are the anterior boundaries of the axilla?
Pectoralis major and minor
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What muscle forms the anterior axillary fold?
Pectoralis major
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What muscle forms the posterior axillary fold?
latissimus dorsi
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What vertebra and dermatome does the xiphoid process line up with?
T9 vertebra, T7 dermatome
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What level is the iliac crest at?
L4
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The inguinal ligament is the inferior margin of what muscle?
External oblique
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What are the attachments of the inguinal ligament?
ASIS to pubic tubercle
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What dermatome is the inguinal ligament in?
L1
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What is the linea alba?
common insertion of the abdominal muscle formed by the fusion of the rectus abdominus muscles. It runs from the xiphoid process to the symphysis pubis
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What level and dermatome is the umbilicus at?
L3 disc, T10 dermatome
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What is the linea semilunaris?
The lateral edge of the rectus abdominal muscle
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Where is the pubic tubercle?
Just lateral to the symphysis pubis
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What 4 lines divide the abdomen into 9 sections?
Left and right midclavicular, transpyloric and transtubecular
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What are the 9 sections and 4 quadrants the abdomen can be divided into?
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What dermatome is the nape of the neck?
C3
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What dermatome are the nipples?
T4
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What dermatome is the navel?
T10
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What dermatome is the knee?
L3
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Bone is hard because of its high content of what?
Calcium phosphate salt
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What bones are included in the axial skeleton?
Skull, hyoid, vertebral column and rib cage (including sternum)
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What bones are included in the appendicular skeleton?
limbs and their girdles (hips, scapula, clavicle)
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What joint attaches the appendicular skeleton to the axial skeleton?
Sternoclavicular joint
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What are the two types of bone and what are the differences between them?
- Compact- on outer surface of the bone, solid mass
- Cancellous (spongy) - consists of a branching network of trabeculae
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What covers the compact bone?
periosteum (inner and outer layers)
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What is another name for the Haversion system? What is the Haversion system?
Osteon, vessels that run parallel to the long axis of the bone are contained in the Haversion canals. They are surrounded by concentric lamellae and are seperated by canaliculi
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What are Volkman's canals?
Perpendicular to the long axis of the bone. They allow blood vessels to enter from the periosteum and reach the Haversion canals. They are not surrounded by lamallae.
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What is the diaphysis?
The tubular shaft of long bones which contain bone marrow (hemopoietic)
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What is the epiphysis?
The end of long bone (covered by articular cartilage)
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What is the metaphysis?
Between the diaphysis and the epiphysis, rich in blood supply, most susceptable to infection
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What is the epiphyseal plate (growth plate)?
Cartilagenous plate which appears during the growth of bones (length)
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What is the periosteum?
Covering over bone which is responsible for circumferential growth of bone (width).
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What part of bone has the most pain receptors?
Periosteum
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What are the two methods of bone development?
Membranous (bone is developed directly from connective tissue) and endochondral (cartilage is laid down then replaced by bone)
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What type of developement occurs in the bones of the vault of the skull?
membranous
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What type of development do long bones undergo?
endochondral
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What type of joints are immoveable?
Synarthroses
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What type of joints are only slightly moveable?
Amphiarthroses
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What type of joints are freely moveable?
Diarthroses
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What are the three types of joints based on structure?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
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What are the three types of fibrous joints?
Suture, syndesmosis and gomphosis
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What type of joint are suture? Where are they found? What do they become?
Synarthroses, between bones of skull, fuse to form synostosis
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What type of joint are syndesmosis?
Amphiarthrotic, 2 bones united by a sheet of fibrous tissue
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What type of joint are gomphosis? Where are they found?
Synarthrosis, peg in socket, ex. roots of teeth
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What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondrosis (primary) and Symphysis (secondary)
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What type of joints are synchondrosis? What is the connecting material in them? Where are they found?
Synarthrotic, hyaline cartilage, found between epiphysis and diaphysis of growing bone, remain until replaced by bone
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What type of joint are symphysis? What connects these joints? What are they designed for? Examples (2)?
Amphiarthrotic, connected by a broad flat disc of fibrocartilage, designed for strength and shock absorption, ex. IVD, pubic symphysis
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What are the two parts of the articular capsule of a synovial joint?
Fibrous capsule (outer) and synovial membrane (inner, produces synovial fluid)
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What is synovial fluid made of?
Hyaluronic acid (muccopolysaccharide)
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What type of joint are synovial?
Diarthrosis
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What type of joint allows sliding between 2 flat surfaces?
Plane or gliding
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What type of joint are facets?
Plane or gliding
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What type of joint are carpal joints?
Plane or gliding
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What type of joint are Tarsal joints?
Plane or gliding
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What type of joint are intermetacarpal?
Plane or gliding
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What type of joint are proximal Tib-Fib?
Plane or gliding
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What type of joint are Sternoclavicular?
Plane or gliding
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What type of joint are Acromioclavicular?
Plane or gliding
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What type of joint are costosternal (ribs 2-7)?
Plane or gliding
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What type of joint is costosternal (rib 1)?
Synchondrosis
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What type of joint allows flexion and extension only?
Hinge or ginglymus
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What type of joint are in the elbow?
Hinge or ginglymus
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What type of joint are in the knee?
Hinge or ginglymus
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What type of joint are in the ankle?
Hinge or ginglymus
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What type of joint are interphalangeal?
Hinge or ginglymus
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What type of joint allows rotation around a longitudinal axis?
Pivot or trochoid
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What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar?
Pivot or trochoid
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What type of joint is the atlanto-axial?
Pivot or trochoid
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What type of joint allows movement in 2 directions at right angles to each other? (flex/ext and abduction/adduction)
Condyloid or ellipsoidal
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What type of joint are radiocarpal?
Condyloid or ellipsoidal
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What type of joint are metacarpophalangeal?
Condyloid or ellipsoidal
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What type of joint allows side to side and back and forth movement and has a U-shaped articular surface?
Saddle or sellar
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What type of joint are the carpometacarpal of the thumb?
Saddle or sellar
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What type of joint are patellofemoral?
Saddle or sellar
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What type of joint allows free movement in all directions?
Ball and socket or spheroidal
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What type of joint is the shoulder?
Ball and socket or spheroidal
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What type of joint is the hip?
Ball and socket or spheroidal
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What type of joint are the middle radioulnar?
Syndesmosis
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What type of joint are the middle tibiofibular?
Syndesmosis
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What type of joint are distal tibiofibular?
Syndesmosis
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What type of joint are distal radioulnar?
Pivot or trochoid
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