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Matter
Physical material of the universe
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Property
Any characteristic that allows us to recognize types of matter.
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Elements
Basic/Elementary substances. 117 known.
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Atoms
Building blocks of matter.
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Molecules
Two or more atoms that are joined together in specific shapes.
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Molecules with their corresponding colors.
- Red: Oxygen
- Dark Gray: Carbon
- White: Hydrogen
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States of Matter
Solid, Liquid, Gas
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Gas
No fixed volume or shape. Is compressable.
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Liquid
Distinct volume independent of its container.
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Solid
Definite shape and volume.
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Pure Substance
Has distinct properties and composition that does not vary from sample to sample.
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Compounds
Substances that are composed of two or more elements which are chemically joined together.
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Mixtures
Combinatrions of two or more substances in which each substance retains its own chemical density.
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Law of constant composition/Law of definite proportions
Elemental composition of a pure compound are always the same.
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Solutions
Homogeneus mixtures
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Physical properties
- Can be observed without changing the identity and composition of the substance.
- EG: color, odor, density, melting point, boiling point, hardness.
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Chemical properties
- The way a substance may change, or react, to form other substances.
- EG: flammability
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Intensive properties
Temperature, melting point, density, used to identify substances. NOT DEPENDENT ON SAMPLE SIZE.
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Extensive properties
- Depend on sample size.
- EG: mass, volume
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Physical change
Substance chages its physical appearance but not its composition.
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Chemical change/Chemical reaction
Substance is transformed into a chemically different substance.
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Scientific Method
Observatinons and experiments that find patterns, trends and laws, formulate and test hypothesis, and theories.
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Metric System
Units used for scientific measurements.
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SI units
- Preffered metric units.
- For base units see table 1.4
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Celcius Scale
Everyday scale of temperature in most countries.
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Kelvin Scale
SI temperature scale.
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Density
Property of matter that is widely used to characterize a substance. Amount of mass in a unit is the volume of the substance.
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Density equation
Density = Mass/Volume
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Volume equation
Volume=Mass/Density
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Mass Equation
Mass = Volume*Density
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Precesion
A measure of how closely individual measurements agree with one another.
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Accuracy
How closely individual measurements agree with the correct/true value.
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Signifigant figures
- All digits of a measured quantity, including the uncertain one.
- Addition and subtraction: decimal places are rounded
- Multiplication and division: signifigant figures are counted
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