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what are the prefixes for the alkanes, from 1 to 12?
meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-, hex-, hept-, oct-, non-, dec-, undec, dodec.
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what are the 5 steps to name alkanes (IUPAC)?
- 1.find the longest chain
- 2.number the chain so the lowest set of numbers is obtained for the substituents
- 3.name and alphabetize the substituents
- 4.assign # to each substituents
- 5.complete the name
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in case of an "en-ol" which carbon receives the lowest number?
the carbon attached to the alcohol group
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what is a diol?
a molecule with 2 OH groups
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in case of an "en-one" which carbon gets the lowest number?
the carbonyl carbon
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what type of compound does a -COOH group denote?
carboxylic acid
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what are the common names of the following:
methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid
formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid
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name the prefix and suffix of the following:
1.carboxylic acid
2.ester
3.acyl halide
4.amide
5.nitrile
6.aldehyde
7.ketone
8.alcohol
9.thiol
10.amine
11.ether
12.sulfide
13.nitro
14.azide
15.diazo
- 1.carboxy- / -oic acid
- 2.alkoxycarbonyl- / -oate
- 3.halocarbonyl- / -oyl halide
- 4.amido- /-amide
- 5.cyano-/ -nitrile
- 6.oxo- / -al
- 7.oxo- / -one
- 8.hydroxy- / -ol
- 9.sulfhydryl- / -thiol
- 10.amino- / -amine
- 11.alkoxy- / -ether
- 12.alkylthio- / -sulfide
- 13.nitro-
- 14.azido-/ -azide
- 15.diazo-
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what is a structural isomer?
same chemical formula but different atomic arrangement
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what is stereoisomers?
compounds that differ in the spatial arrangement of their atoms.
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order the following conformations of n-butane according to energy levels (low to high): gauche, anti, eclipsed, total eclipsed.
anti, gauche, eclipsed, totally eclipsed
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what are geometric isomers?
molecules differ with respect to the spatial relationship of substituents around a double bond
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what is a chiral molecule?
it is not superimposable upon its mirror image
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what are enantiomers?
chiral molecules that are non superimposable mirror images of each other
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what is a dextrorotatory (+) compound?
it rotates polarized light to the right (clockwise)
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what is a racemic mixture?
it contains equal amounts of both enantiomers
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what are diastereomers?
stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other
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how does increasing molecular weight affect the boiling point and melting point of an alkane?
increase them
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how does increased branching affect the boiling points of an alkane
lowers it
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what are 3 steps of halogenation reaction?
initiation, propagation, termination
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how many steps are involved in Sn1 rxn? what are they
2 steps. first molecule dissociates into a carbocation and a leaving group, then nucleophile combines with the carbocation.
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how can Sn1 rxn be increased
- 1.stabilizing the carbocation by increasing substitution and using a highly polar solvent
- 2.use a better leaving group (weak base)
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which type of rxn is favored (Sn1 or Sn2):
i.polar protic solvent
ii.polar aprotic solvent
iii.methyl or 1o alkyl halide
iv.3o alkyl halide
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which form of alkene has a higher melting point (cis or trans)
trans, due to its symmetry
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which form of an alkene has a higher boiling point (cis or trans)
cis, due to its polarity
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what is Huckel's rule?
an aromatic compound has (4n+2) pi electrons, where n is an integer
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are the following activating or deactivating? o/p director or m director?
1. COOH
2.NR2
3.NH24.NO2
5.F, Cl, Br, I
6.COOR
7.OR
8.SO3H
9.OCOR
10. CH3
- 1.de/ m
- 2.act/ o-p
- 3.act/ o-p
- 4.de/ m
- 5.de/ o-p
- 6.de/ m
- 7.act/ o-p
- 8.de/ m
- 9.act/ o-p
- 10. act/ o-p
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do alcohols have higher or lower boiling point than analogous alkanes? why?
higher, because alcohol can hydrogen bond
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name 3 types of rxn to synthesize alcohol
addition, substitution, recduction
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how does boiling points of an aldehyde or ketone compare with its analogous alkane? alcohol?
- higher than alkane
- lower than alcohol
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