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Trapezius
- Proximal Attachment:
- Medial third of superior nuchal line, External
- occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, and Spinous processes of C7-T12 vertebrae
- Distal Attachment:
- lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula
Innervationa: Spinal accessory
- Action:
- -Superior fibers elevate, middle fibers retract, and inferior fibers depress scapula;
-Superior and inferior fibers act together in superior rotation of scapula (inferior angle outward)
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Latissimus Dorsi
P. Attachment: spinous process of inferior 6 thoracic vertebra, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, & inf. 3 or 4 ribs
-D. Attachment: floor of intertubercular groove of humerus
-Innervation: thoracodorsal nerve (C6, C7, C8)
Action: extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus & raises body toward arms during climbing.
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Rhomboid Major
P. Attach: spinous process of T2-T5 vertebra
D. Attach: medial border of scapula from level of spine to inferior angle
Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
Action: retract scapula, rotate inferior angle medially to depress glenoid cavity, & fix scapula to thoracic wall
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Rhomboid Minor
P. Attach: spinous process of C7 and T1
D. Attach: medial border of scapula from level of spine to inferior angle
Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
Action: retract scapula, rotate inferior angle medially to depress glenoid cavity, & fix scapula to thoracic wall
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Sternocleidomastoid
- Origin: mastoid process
- Insertion: sternum and medial portion of clavicle
- Innervation: spinal accessory nerve
- Action: sidebends head toward the ipsilateral side and rotates it away from the ipsilateral side
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Levator Scapulae
Origin: posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebra
Insertion: superior part of medial border of scapula
Innervation: dorsal scapular and cervical nerves
Action: elevates scapula and tilts its glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula , also sidebends neck and rotates it to the same side
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Scalene
Origin: transverse process of C2-C7
Insertion: 1st rid, 2nd Rib
Innervation C3-C8
Action: Elevates first & second rib, side bends and rotates cervical spine towards ipsilateral side
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Deltoid
Origin: lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula
Insertion: tuberosity of humerous
Innervation: Axillary nerve
Action: flex and medially rotate, abduct arm, extends and laterally roates arm
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Supraspinatus
Origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion: superior facet on greater tubercle of humerus
Innervation: Suprascapular nerve
Action: initiates and assists deltoid in abduction of arm and acts with rotator cuff muscles
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Infraspinatus
Origin: infraspinatus fossa of scapula
Insertion: middle facet on greater tubercle of humerus
Innervation: suprascapular nerve
Action: laterally rotate arm, help hold humeral head in glenoid cavity, depress humeral head
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Teres Minor
Origin: superior part of lateral border of scapula
Insertion: inferior facet on greater tubercle of humerus
Innervation: Axillary nerve
Action: laterally rotate arm, hold humeral head in glenoid cavity, depress humeral head
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Teres Major
Origin: dorsal surface of inferior angle of scapula
Insertion: medial liip of intertubercular groove of humerus
Innervation: lower subscapular nerve
Action: adducts and medially rotates arm
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Subscapularis
Origin: Subscapular fossa
Insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus
Innvervation: upper and lower subscapular nerves
Action: medially roates arm & adducts it, holds humeral head in glenoid activity
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Pec Major
Origin: medial half of clavicle, sternum, superior 6 costal cartilages and aponeurosis of external oblique
Insertion: lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
Innervation: lateral and medical pectoral nerves
Action: adducts and medially rotates humerus; draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly
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Pec Minor
Origin: 3rd-5th ribs near their costal cartilages
Insertion: medial border and superior surface of coracoid process of scapula
Innervation: medial pectoral nerve
Action: stabilizes scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against thoracic wall
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Serratus Anterior
Origin: external surfaces of lateral parts of 1-8 ribs
Insertion: anterior surface of medial border of scapula
Innervation: long thoracic nerve
Action: protracts scapula and holds it against thoracic wall, rotates scapula
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Biceps Brachii
Origin: short head: tip of coracoid process of scapula; long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Insertion: tuberosity of radius and fascia of forearm via bicipital aponeurosis
Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve
Action: supinates forearm, flexes forearm, flexes shoulder
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Brachialis
Origin: distal half of anterior surface of humerus
Insertion: coronoid process and tuberosity of ulna
Innervation: musculocutaneous nerce
Action: flexes forearm in all positions
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Coracobrachialis
Origin: tip of coracoid process of scapula
Insertion: middle third of medial surface of humerus
Innervation: Musculocutaneous
Action: flex and adduct arm
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Triceps Brachii
Origin: LH: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula; lateral head: posterior surface of humerus, superior to radial groove; MH: posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove
Insertion: proximal end of olecranon of ulna and fascia of forearm
Innervation: Radial nerve
Action: extends the forearm, chief extensor
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Brachioradialis
Origin: two-thirds of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
Insertion: lateral surface of distal end of radius
Innervation: radial nerve
Action: flexes forearm, with the thumb up
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Pronator Teres
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna
Insertion: middle of lateral surface of radius
Innervation: median nerve
Action: pronates and flexes forearm.
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Flexor Carpi Radialis
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: base of 2nd meetacarpal bone
Innervation: median nerve
Action: Flex and abduct hand
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Palmaris Longus
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: distal half of flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis
Innervation: median nerve
Action: fles hand (at wrist) and tighten palmar aponeurosis
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Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus, olecranon and posterior border of ulna
Insertion: pisiform bone, hook of hamate, 5th metacarpal
Innervation: ulnar nerve
Action: flex and adducts hand
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Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus, ulnar collateral ligament, coronoid process of ulna, superior half of anterior border of radius
Insertion: bodies of middle phalanges of medial 4 digits
Innervation: median nerve
Action: flexes PIP joint
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Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Origin: proximal three-fourths of medial and anterior surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane
Insertion: bases of distal phalanx of medial four digits
Innervation: medial part: ulnar nerve; lateral part: median nerve
Action: flexes DIP at distal interphalangeal joints of medial four digits; assists with flexion of hand
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Flexor Pollicis Longus
Origin: anterior surface of radius and adjacent interosseous membrae
Insertion: bases of distal phalanx of thumb
Innervation: AIN
Action: flexes phalanx of 1st digit
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Pronator Quadratus
Origin: distal fourth of anterior surface of ulna
Insertion: distal fourth of anterior surface of radius
Innervation: AIN
Action: pronates forearm, deep fibers bind radius and ulna together
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Extensor Carpi Radialis
Origin: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
Insertion: base of 2nd metacarpal
Innervation: Radial nerve
Action: extend and abduct hand at wrist joint
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Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: base of 3rd metacarpal
Innervation: deep branch of radial nerve
Action: extend hand at wrist joint
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Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna
Insertion: base of 5th metacarpal
Innervation: PIN
Action: extends and adducts hand at wrist joint
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Extensor digitorum
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: extensor expansions of medial four digits
Innervation: PIN
Action: extends medial four digits at metacarpophalangeal joints, extends hand at wrist joint
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Extensor Digit Minimi
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: extensor expansin of 5th digit
Innervation: PIN
Action: Extends 5th digit at MCP and IP joints
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Supinator
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus, radial collateral and anular ligament, supinator fossa, and crest of ulna
Insertion: lateral, posterior, and anterior surfaces of proximal third of radius
Innervation: deep branch of radial nerve
Action: supinates forearm
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Abductor Pollicis Longus
Origin: posterior surface of ulna, radius and interosseous membrane
Insertion: base of 1st metacarpal
Innervation: PIN
Action: Abducts thumb and extends it at CMP (snuff box)
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Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Origin: posterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane
Insertion: base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Innervation: PIN
Action: extends proximal phalanx at CMP joint
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Extensor Pollicis Longus
Origin: posterior surface of middle third of ulna and interosseous membrane
Insertion: base of distal phalanx of thumb
Innervation: PIN
Action: Extends distal phalanx of thumb at MCP and IP joints (snuff box)
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Extensor Indicis
Origin: posterior surface of ulna and interosseous membrane
Insertion: extensor expansion of 2nd digit
Innervation: PIN
Action: Extends 2nd digit and helps to extend hand
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Adductor Pollicis
Origin: bases of 2nd & 3rd metacarpals, capitate, and adjacent carpals, anterior surface of body of 3rd metacarpal
Insertions: medial sides of bases of proximal phalanx of thumb
Innervation: deep branch of ulnar nerve
Action: adducts thumb toward middle digit
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Abductor Digiti Minimi
Origin: Pisiform
Insertion: medial side of base of proximal phalanx of little finger
Innervation: deep branch of ulnar nerve
Action: Abducts digit 5
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Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
Origin: hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum
Insertion: medial side of base of proximal phalanx of little finger
Innervation: deep branch of ulnar nerve
Action: flexes proximal phalanx of digit 5
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Opponens Digiti Minimi
Origin: hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum
Insertion: medial border of 5th metacarpal
Innervation: deep branch of ulnar nerve
Action: draws 5th metacarpal anteriorly and rotates it, bringing digit 5 into opposition with the thumb
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Lumbricals 1 & 2
Origin: Lateral two tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
Insertion: lateral side of extensor expansions of digits 2-5
Innervation: median nerve
Action: flex digits at MCP and extend IP joint
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Lumbricals 3 & 4
Origin: medial 3 tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
Insertion: lateral sides of extensor expansions of digits 2-5
Innervation: deep branch of ulnar nerve
Action: flex digits at MCP joints and extend IP joints
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Dorsal Interossei 1-4
Origin: adjacent sides of 2 metacarpals
Insertion: extensor expansions and bases of proximal phalanges of digits 2-4
Innervation: deep branch of ulnar nerve
Action: abduct digits from axial line and act with lumbricals to flex MCP joints and extend IP joints
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Palmar Interossei 1-3
Origin: palmar surfaces of 2nd, 4th, and 5th metacarpals
Insertion: extensor expansions of digits and bases of proximal phalanges of digits 2, 4, and 5
Innervation: deep branch of ulnar nerve
Action: Adduct digits from axial line and act with lumbricals to flex MCP joints and extend IP joints.
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Anductor Pollicis Brevis
Origin: flexor retinaculum and tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium
Insertion: lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Innervation: recurrent branch of median nerve
Action: abducts thumb and helps oppose it
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Flexor Pollicis Brevis
Origin: flexor retinaculum and tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium
Insertion: lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Innervation: recurrent branch of median nerve
Action: flexes thumb
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Opponens Pollicis
Origin: flexor retinaculum and tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium
Insertion: lateral side of 1st metacarpal
Innvervation: recurrent branch of median nerve
Action: draws 1st metacarpal bone medially to oppose thumb toward center of palm and rotates it medially
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Gluteus Maximus
Origin: illium posterior to posterior gluteal line, dorsal surface of sacrum and coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion: most fibers end in IT band that insert into lateral condyle of tibia
Innervation: inferior gluteal nerve
Action: extends thigh and assists in its lateral rotation
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Gluteus Medius
Origin: exteranl surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal line
Insertion: lateral surface of greater trochanter of femuer
Innervation: superior gluteal nerve
Action: abduct and medially rotates thigh; keep pelvis level when opposite leg is raised.
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Gluteus Minimus
Origin: external surface of ilium between anterior and interior gluteal lines
Insertion: anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur
Innervation: superior gluteal nerve
Action: abducts and medially rotates thigh
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Piriformis
Origin: anterior surface of sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion: superior border of greater trochanter of femur
Innervation: branches of ventral rami and S1 and S2
Action: laterally rotate extended thigh and abduct flexed thigh; steady femoral head in acetabulum
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Obturator Internus
Origin: pelvic surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bones
Insertion: medial surface of greater trochanter of femur
Innervation: nerve of obturator internus
Action: laterally rotate extended thiigh and abduct flexed thigh; steady femoral head in actabulum
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Gemelli Superior and Inferior
Origin: superior: ischial spine; inferior: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: medial surface of greater trochanter of femur
Innervation: superior: nerve to obterator internus; inferior: nerve to quadratus femoris
Action: laterally roatate extended thigh and abduct flexed thigh
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Quadratus Femoris
Origin: lateral border of ischial tuberosity
Insertion: quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur and area inferior to it
Innervation: nerve to quadratus femoris
Action: laterally rotate thigh, steady femoral head in acetabulum
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Pectineus
Origin: superior ramus of pubis
Insertion: pectineal line of femur, just inferior to lesser trochanter
Innervation: femoral nerve
Action: adducts and flexes thigh; assists with medial rotation of thigh
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Psoas Major
Origin: sides of T12-L5 vertebra and discs between them; transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: lesesr trochanter of femur
Innervation: ventral rami of lumbar nerves
Action: act conjoiningly in flexing thigh at hip joint and in stabilizing the joint
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Psoas Minor
Origin: sies of T12-L1 vertebrae and intervertebral disc
Insertion: pectineal line, iliopectineal eminence via iliopectineal arch
Innervation: ventral rami of lumbar nerves
Action: act conjointly in flexing thigh at hip join and stabilizing this joint.
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Illiacus
Origin: iliac crest, iliac fossa, ala of sacrum and anterior sacroiliac ligaments
Insertion: tendon of psoas major, lesser trochanter, and femur distal to it
Innervation: femoral nerve
Action: act conjointly in flexing thigh at hip joint and in stabalizing this joint
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TFL
Origin: ASIS and anterior part of iliac crest
Insertion: IT band attaches to lateral condyle of tibia
Innervation: Superior gluteal
Action: abducts medially rotates, and flexes thigh; helps to keep knee extended; steadies trunk on thigh
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Sartorius
Origin: ASIS and superior part of notch inferior to ASIS
Insertion: superior part of medial surface of tibia Pes anserine tendon
Innervation: femoral nerve
Action: flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh at hip joint; flex leg at knee joint; medially rotates tibia
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Rectus femoris
Origin: AIIS and ilium superior to acetabulum
Insertion: base of patella and by patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
Innervation: femoral nerve
Action: extend leg at knee joint; steadies hip joint and helps iliopsoas to flex thigh
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Vastus lateralis
Origin: greater trochanter & lateral lip of linea aspera of femur
Insertion: base of patella and by patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
Innervation: femoral nerve
Action: extend leg at knee joint
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Vastus Medialis
Origin: intertrochanteric line and medial lip of linea aspera of femur
Insertion: base of patella and by patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
Innervation: femoral nerve
Action: extend leg at knee joint
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Vastus Intermedius
Origin: anterior and lateral surfaces of body of femur
Insertion: baase of patella and by patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
Innervation: femoral nerve
Action: extend leg at knee joint
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Adductor Longus
Origin: body of pubis inferior to pubic crest
Insertion: middle third of linea aspera of femur
Innervation: obturator nerve
Action: Adducts thigh
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Adductor Brevis
Origin: body and inferior ramus of pubis
Insertion: pectineal line and proximal part of linea aspera of femur
Innervation: obturator nerve
Action: adducts thigh and to some extent flexes it
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Adductor Magnus
Origin: adductor: inferior ramus of pubis ramus of ischium; hamstring: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: adductor: gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line; hamstring: adductor tubercle of femur
Innervation: adductor: obturator nerve; hamstring: tibial part of sciatic nerve
Action: adducts thigh, flexes thigh, extends thigh
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Gracilis
Origin: body and inferior ramus of pubis
Insertion: superior part of medial surface of tibia
Innervation: obturator nerve
Action: adducts thigh, flexes leg, and helps rotate it medially
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Obturator Externus
Origin: margins of obturator foramen and obturator membrane
Insertion: trochanteric fossa of femur
Innervation: obturator nerve
Action: laterally rotates thigh, steadies head of femur in acetabulum
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Semitendinosus
Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: medial surface of superior part of tibia
Innervation: tibial division of sciatic nerve
Action: extends thigh: flex leg and rotate it medialy when knee is flexed; when thigh and leg are flexed, these muscles can extend trunk
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Semitendinosus
Insertion: medial surface of superior part of tibia
Innervation: tibial division of sciatic nerve
Action: extends thigh: flex leg and rotate it medialy when knee is flexed; when thigh and leg are flexed, these muscles can extend trunk
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Semimembranosus
Origin: Ischial Tuberosity
Insertion: posterior part of medial condyle of tibia
Innervation: Tibial division of sciatic nerve
Action: extends thigh: flex leg and rotate it medially when knee is flexed; when thigh and leg are flexed, these muscles can extend trunk
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Biceps Femoris
Origin: LH: ischial tuberosity; SH linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur
Insertion: lateral side of head of fibula (tendon is split by fibular collateral ligament of knee
Innervation: LH: tibial division of sciatic nerve; SH: common fibular
Action: flexes leg and rotates it laterally when knee is flexed; extends thigh
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Tibialis Anterior
Origin: lateral condyle and superior half of lateral surface of tibia and interosseous
Insertion: medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
Innervation: deep fibular
Action: dorsiflexes ankle and inverts foot
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Extensor Digitorum Longus
Origin: lateral condyle of tibia and superior 3/4s of medial surface of the fibula and interosseous membrane
Insertion: middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits
Innervation: deep fibular
Action: extends lateral four digits and dorsiflexes ankle
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Extensor Hallucis Longus
Origin: middle part of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
Insertion: dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of great toe
Innervation: deep fibular
Action: extends great toe and dorsiflexes ankle
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Fibularis Tertius
Origin: inferior third of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
Insertion: dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal
Innervation: Deep fibular nerve
Action: dorsiflexes ankle and aids in eversion of foot
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Fibularis Longus
Origin: head and superior 2/3s of lateral surface of fibula
Insertion: base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform
Innervation: superficial fibular
Action: everts foot and weakly plantarflexes ankle
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Fibularis Brevis
Origin: inferior 2/3s of lateral surface of fibular
Insertion: dorsal surface of tuberosity on lateral side of base of 5th metatarsal
Innervation: superficial fibular nerve
Action: Evert foot and weakly plantar/flex ankle
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Popliteus
Origin: lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus
Insertion: posterior surface of tibia, superior to soleal line
Innervation: tibial nerve
Action: weakly flexes knee and unlocks it
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Flexor Hallucis Longus
Origin: inferior 2/3s of posterior surface of fibula and inferior part of interosseous membrane
Insertion: base of distal phalanx of great toe
Innervation: tibial nerve
Action: flexes great toe at all joints and weakly plantarflexes ankle; supports longitudinal arches of foot
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Flexor Digitorum Longus
Origin: medial part of posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line and by a broad tendon to fibula
Insertion: bases of distal phalanges of digits 2-4
Innervation: tibial nerve
Action: flexes lateral four digits and plantarflexes ankle; supports longitudinal arches of foot
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Tibialis Posterior
Origin: interosseous membrane, posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line and posterior surface of fibula
Insertion: tuberosity of navicular, cuneiform, and cuboid, and bases of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th metatarsals
Innervation: tibial nerve
Action: plantarflexes ankle and inverts foot
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Gastrocnemius
Origin: lateral head: lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur; medial head: popliteal surface of femur, superior to medial condyle
Insertion: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Innervation: tibial nerve
Action: plantarflexes ankle independent of position of knee and steadies leg on foot
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Soleus
Origin: posterior aspect of head of fibula, superior forth of posterior surface of fibula soleal line and medial border of tibia
Insertion: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Innervation: tibial nerve
Action: plantarflexes ankle independent of position of knee and steadies leg on foot
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Plantaris
Origin: inferior end of lateral supracondylar line of femur and oblique popliteal ligament
Insertion: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Innervation: tibial nerve
Action: weakly assists gastrocnemius in plantarflexing ankle and flexing knee
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Abductor Hallucis
Origin: medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, flexor reticnaculum and plantar aponeurosis
Insertion: medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
Innervation: medial plantar nerve
Action: abducts and flexes 1st digit
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Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Origin: medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis and intermuscular septa
Insertion: both sides of middle phalanges of lateral four digits
Innervation: medial plantar nerve
Action: flexes lateral four digits
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Abductor Digiti Minimi
Origin: medial and lateral tubercles of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septa
Insertion: lateral side of based of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
Innervation: lateral plantar nerve
Action: abducts and flexes 5th digit
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Quadratus Plantae
Origin: medial surface and lateral margin of plantar surface of calcaneus
Insertion: posterolateral margin of tendon of flexor digitorum longus
Innervation: lateral plantar nerve
Action: assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing lateral four digits
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Lumbricals
Origin: tendons of flexor digitorum longus
Insertion: medial aspect of expansion over lateral four digits
Innvervation: medial: medial plantar nerve; lateral three: lateral plantar nerve
Action: flex proximal phalanges and extend middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits.
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Flexor Hallucis Brevis
Origin: plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiforms
Insertion: both sides of bases of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
Innervation: medial plantar nerve
Action: flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit
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Adductor Hallucis
Origin: oblique: base of metatarsals 2-4; transverse: plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joint
Insertion: tendons of both heads attach to lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
Innervation: deep branch of lateral plantar nerve
Action: adducts 1st digit; assists in maintaingin transverse arch
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Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
Origin: base of 5th metatarsal
Insertion: base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
Innervation: superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve
Action: flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit, thereb assisting with its flexion
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Plantar Interossei
OriginL bases of medial sides of metatarsals 3-5
Insertion: medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges of 3-5th digits
Innervation: lateral plantar nerve
Action: adducts digits and flexes metatarsophalangeal joints
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Dorsal Interossei
Origin: Adjacent sides of metarsals 1-5
Insertion: first: medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit; second to fourth: lateral sides of 2nd to 4th digits
Innervation: lateral plantar nerve
Action: abducts digits and flex metatarsophalangeal joints
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