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Long Bone:
Cylindric with rounded ends, Often bear weight, (ex. femur)
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Short Bone:
small, bear little or no weight, (ex. phalanges)
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Flat Bone:
protect vital organs, often contain blood-forming cells, (ex. scapula)
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Irregular Bones:
unique shapes, (ex. carpal bones of wrist, small bones of inner ear)
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Sesamoid Bone:
least common type, develops within a tendon, (ex. patella)
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Cortex (Bone):
outer layer of bone; dense, compact bone tissue
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Medulla (Bone):
inner layer of bone; spongy, cancellous trabecular tissue
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Diaphysis:
the shaft (elongated cylindrical portion) between the ends of a long bone
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Epiphyses:
the two knoblike ends of a long bone
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Haversian System:
complex canal network containing microscopic blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to bone and lacunae; canals run vertically within the hard, cortical bone tissue
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Lacunae:
small cavities that house osteocytes (bone cells)
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Cancellous:
the softer tissue inside bones that contains large spaces (trabeculae) that are filled with red and yellow marrow
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Hematopoiesis:
production of blood cells; occurs in red marrow of bones
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Volkmann's Canals:
connect bone marrow vessels with the haversian system and periosteum
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Osteoblast:
- bone-forming cells (type of osteogenic cell)
- synthesize and lay down new bone, then attract Ca and phosphates to strengthen bone
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Osteoclast:
- bone-destroying cells (type of osteogenic cell)
- resorb bone in the constant process of bone formation and brkdwn
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Osteocytes
special osteoblasts that sense and responsd to bone pressure and bending in order to direct the process of bone remodeling
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Matrix ("Osteoid"):
collagen, mucopolysaccharides, lipids; deposits of inorganic calcium salts (carbonate & phosphate) provide hardness of bone
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Some Facts about Bone
- very vascular tissue
- blood flow 200-400 mL/min
- has a main nutrient artery, branches into ascending/descending vessels, supplies cortex/marrow/haversian system
- few nerve fibers
- Sympathetic Nerve Fibers: dilation of blood vessels
- Sensory Nerve Fibers: pain signals
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Function of Skeletal System:
- Framework: allows body to be weight-bearing, upright
- Support Surrounding Tissues: (ex. muscle, tendon)
- Assists in Movement: thru muscle attachment, joint formation
- Protects Vital Organs: (ex. heart, lungs)
- Makes Blood Cells: in red bone marrow Stores Mineral Salts: (ex. calcium, phosphorous)
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Resorption (Bone):
loss of bone minerals and density; release of free calcium from bone storage sites directly into the ECF
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Calcitonin:
produced by thyroid gland, decreases serum Ca concentration, inhibits bone resorption, increases renal excretion of Ca and PO as needed to maintain balance
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Vitamin D:
produced in body, transported in blood; promotes absorption of Ca and PO from small intestine; enhance PTH activity to release calcium from bone; deficiency can cause osteomalacia (softening of bone)
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH):
- (feedback loop system)
- Low Serum Calcium:
- ↑secretion, stimulates bone to promote osteoclastic activity, release Ca into blood
- ↓ renal excretion of Ca, facilitates absorption from intestine
- High Serum Calcium:
- ↓ secretion to preserve bone Ca supply
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Growth Hormone:
- secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary gland; increases bone length, determines amt of bone matrix before puberty
- Childhood Increase: gigantism
- Childhood Decrease: dwarfism
- Adult Increase: acromegaly (bone & soft tissue deformities)
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Adrenal Glucocorticoids:
regulate protein metabolism; ↑ or ↓ catabolism to reduce or intensify the organic matrix of bone; aid regulation of intestinal Ca/PO absorption
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Distinguish these joints and provide examples of each: Synarthrodial, Amphiarthrodial, Diarthrodial (Synovial)
- Synarthrodial: completely immovable [ex. in the cranium]
- Ampiarthrodial: slightly movable [ex. in the pelvis]
- Diarthrodial (Synovial): freely movable [ex. elbow & knee]
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Synovial Joint (Diarthrodial): Ball-and-Socket, Hinge, Condylar, Biaxial, Pivot
- most common type in body; most commonly affected by disease; lined with synovium [membrane secretes fluid for lubrication & shock absorption] Ball-and-Socket: [shoulder, hip] movement in any direction
- Hinge: [elbow] motion in one plane, flexion, extension
- Condylar: [knee] flexion, extension, rotates slightly
- Biaxial: [wrist] gliding movement
- Pivot: [radioulnar] rotation only
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Bursae:
small sacs lined w/synovial membrane, located at joints & bony prominences, prevent friction btwn bone & surrounding structures
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Types of muscle: Smooth, Cardiac, Skeletal
- Smooth: non-striated, involuntary, autonomic nervous system, contracts organs & blood vessels
- Cardiac: short-fibered, striated, involuntary, autonomic nervous system Skeletal: striated, special-function, voluntary, central & peripheral NS, fxn is movement
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Motor End Plate:
junction of a peripheral motor nerve and the muscle cells that it supplies
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Fascia:
dense, fibrous tissue that surrounds the entire muscle; contains the muscle's blood, lymph, and nerve supply
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Tendons vs. Ligaments
- Tendons: bands of tough, fibrous tissue that attach muscles to bones
- Ligaments: attach bones to other bones at joints
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Musculoskeletal Changes Assoc. w/ Aging
- Osteopenia: decreased bone density (bone loss), osteoporosis is severe osteopenia
- Synovial Joint Cartilage: less elastic and compressible, damaged cartilage leads to OA
- Muscle Tissue Atrophy: decreased coordination, loss of muscle strength, gait changes, risk for falls w/injury
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Assessment: Patient Hx
- Traumatic Injury, Sports Activity
- Previous/Current Illness or Disease
- Hospitalizations & Illness
- Lifestyle
- Occupation
- Allergies
- Drug Use
- Herbs, Vit&Min Suppl, Biologic Compounds
- Food Intake
- Family Hx
- Current Health Problems
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