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3 Objectives of first aid
Save life, prevent further injury, prevent infection
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Methods of controlling bleeding
- 1. direct pressure
- 2. elevation
- 3.pressure points
- 4. tourniquet (as a last resort)
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Example of a pressure point
place where main artery to the injured part lies near the skin surface and over a bone
- -Jaw
- -neck
- -inner upper arm
- -wrist
- -knee
- -ankle
- -groin
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Symptoms and treatment for shock
Symptoms: vacant or lackluster eyes, shallow or irregular breathing, cold, pale skin, nausea, weak or absent pulse
Treatment:lay victim down feet elevated 6-12 inches, maintain body heat, calm victim if conscious.
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Burns
- First degree: mildest, redness, warmth, tenderness, mild pain
- 2nd degree: red and blistered skin, severe pain
- third degree: destroyed tissue, skin and bone in severe cases. Severe pain may be absent due to nerve endings being distroyed.
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Heat exhaustion
- Symptoms: cool, moist, clammy skin.pupils diolated, normal or subnormal body temp
- Treatment: move victim to cool area, apply wet cool cloths do not allow victim to become chilled
- 1tsp salt to 1 liter cool water
- transport to medical facility
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Heat Stroke
Symptoms: hot/dry skin, uneven pupil dilation, weak rapid pulse
- Treatment: reduce heat with cool water/wet cloths/cold packs. move victim to cool area. Maintain open airway
- On back shoulders raised slightly cold packs around neck/shoulders/ankles/groin
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Difference between Open and Closed Fracture
Open(compound): open wound in skin or tissue. bone may be protruding thru skin
Closed (Simple):entirely internal, bone broken but no break in skin
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Electric shock
Personal rescue
MUST NOT TOUCH BODY, WIRE OR ANY OTHER OBJECT THAT MAY BE CONDUCTING ELECTRICITY
- turn off switch
- use a dry broom, handle, branch, pole, oar, or other non conducting object to remove wire from victim
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Electrick shock
Treatment
- artifictial ventilation
- check pulse if absent begin CPR
- get victim to medical facility
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Methods for clearing an obstructed airway
- Clear mouth of foreign object
- arms around waist, grab wrist thimb side against abdomen above navel below ribcage
- 4 quick upward thrust (american heart)
- 5 quick upward thrust (red cross)
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Hypothermia
- Victim apears pale and unconsious
- breathing slow and shallow, pulse faint and undetectable, arm/legs stiff
wrap in blankets try to bring body temp to normal take to medical facility
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Superficial frostbite
Ice crystals forming in upper skin layers after exposure to temp of 32 degrees or lower
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Deep Frostbite
Ice crystals forming in deeper tissues after exposure to a temp of 32 degrees or lower
- Get victim indoors, rewarm area w/warm water or hot water bottles never rub frostbite area
- seek medical attention
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