Neuro

PNS, nerves regrow at 3mm/day

The supporting glial cell of the CNS both structurally and metabolically; contains GFAP marker useful in identifying tumors

phagocytic cells of the CNS

myelin-forming cells of the CNS; 1 cell can myelinate up to 30 axons

myelinating cells of the PNS; 1 Schwann cell produces 1 internode

line central canal and ventricles; produce CSF

• Neurofibromas
• Gliomas of optic nerve, pigmented lesions of iris (Lisch nodules) and cafe‐au‐lait spots
• NF1 gene at 17q11.2 – neurofibromin – tumor suppressor gene

• Bilateral schwannomas and multiple meningiomas may occur
• Gliomas (ependymomas of spinal cord)
• NF2 gene at 22q12 ‐ merlin

• Hamartomas of brain – cortical tubers and subependymal hamartomas (candleguttering)
• Organ cysts, angiofibromas, shagreen and ash‐leaf (skin) patches, and subungual fibromas.
• Genes – TSC1 at 9q34 – hamartia; TSC2 at 16p13.3 – tuber in
• Subependymal giant cell astrocytomas can occur

• Hemangioblastoma – cerebellum, retina, brain, spinal cord)
• Pancreas, liver, kidney cysts
• Renal cell carcinoma
• Gene on chromosome 3p25‐26 coding pVHL
• Hemangioblastoma cells produce erythropoietin – polycythemia

• Venous angiomatous masses in leptomeninges
• Ipsilateral port‐wine stain of face
• Mental retardation, seizures, hemiplegia, radiopacities in skull

Corticospinal tract to the sacral nerves; loss of voluntary bladder and bowel control.

Dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tracts, spinocerebellar tracts (arm/leg dystaxia)

motor fibers of ventral roots and peripheral nerves producing LMN symptoms (m weakness, ascending flaccid paralysis, areflexia)

• Demyelination and edema
• Upper cervical root (C4) involvement and respiratory paralysis
• Facial diplegia (CN involv)
• Elevated protein (causing papilledema)
• Lesser degree: paresthesias
• Increased CSF protein w/o pleocytosis (albuminocytologic dissociation)

• infants-L3
• adults-L1

L5; the spinal nerves T1-S4 come out below their corresponding vertebrae; the lumbar nerves cross over the junction above the corresponding vertebrae

C6; the spinal nerves C1-C7 emerge above their corresponding vertebrae but unlike T and L spinal herniations, Cervical herniations affect the nerve emerging at that junction

Results in bilateral pain, normal reflexes, incontinence and sexual functions impaired, onset sudden and bilateral

unilateral pain, unilateral muscle atrophy and absent lower reflexes (S1 and L3)

• Facial nerve nucleus that innervates the upper face receives bilateral corticobulbar input
• Facial nerve nucleus that innervates the lower face receives only contralateral corticobulbar input

• pain and temp: contralateral, 2nd order fibers decussate in lower medulla
• discr. and pressure: ipsilateral, 2nd order nuclei are in the principal sensory nucleus of V

Carbamazepine

• Facial movements
• taste (ant 2/3)
• salivation
• lacrimation
• general sensation from external ear
• Stapedius m (hyperacusis if paralyzed)

lacrimation during eating as a result of aberrant regeneration after trauma

• cerebellum
• sight
• vestibular system

• Taste and general sensation (post 2/3)
• Salivation (parotid)
• Swallowing (stylopharyngeus)
• Input from carotid sinus and body

• Cranial division-n.ambiguus-intrinsic mm of the larynx via inferior (recurrent laryngeal nerve) except cricothyroid m.(CNX)
• Spinal division-from C1-C6-sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

• CNIX
• CNX
• CNXI