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phoneme
smallest unit of sound that can differentiate meaning. Ex "/k/" sound in "Kit"
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onset
- the part of a syllable that precedes the vowel
- ex: "Sp" in "Spit"
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rime
- the part of a syllable consisting of its vowel and its consonant sounds that follow
- ex: "oil" in "spoil"
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Phonology
the study of how sound functions in a language or dialect. Patterns.
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Phonetics
the study of the sounds of a language and their physical properties
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Morphology
the study of the structure of words
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Morpheme
the smallest unit of language with meaning
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Semantics
the study of meaning in language
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Syntax
the study of the structure of sentences
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Pragmatics
the study of the role of context in the interpretation of meaning in language
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Etymology
the study of the meaning of words and how they have changed over time
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common noun
- non specific noun. opposite of proper noun. doesnt name a particular person/place/thing
- ex: person. sign. town
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nueter noun (gender)
- inanimate objects
- ex: door
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Personal pronouns
subjective; objective; possessive
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Demonstrative pronouns
- (this, these; that, those) points to and itentifies a noun/pronoun
- ex: "this can't be!"
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Interrogative pronouns
- used to ask questions
- (who; whom; which; what; whoever; whichever)
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Relative pronouns
- used to link one phrase or clause to another
- (who, whom, what, whoever, whichever, that...)
- ex: the house that jack built is large
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Reflexive pronouns
- used as an object to refer back to subject of the clause or sentence
- (myself; yoursel; herself...)
- ex: "we think of ourselves as great"
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Intensive pronouns
used to emphasize its antecedent. identical to reflexive pronouns
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Preposition
- indicates the temporal, spacial, or logical relationship of object to the rest of the sentence.
- ex: "It's on the tabe."
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Possesive adjectives
- possessive pronouns that are used as adjectives to modify a noun/phrase
- ex: "The car is hers"(Possesive pronoun)
- "That is her car." (Possesive adjective. it modifies "car")
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Demonstrative adjective
- same as demonstrative pronoun but used as an adjective
- (this; these; that; those)
- ex: "This apartment needs..." instead of "This can't be"
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Interrogative adjective
- (which; what) same as IP, but adjective
- ex: "Which plants should I water?"
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Indefinite adjective
- (many; any) like IP, but adj.
- ex: "Many people believe" v. "Many believe"
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Adverb
can modify a verb, adjective, adverb, phrase, or clause. Answers questions like "how, whow much, when, where?"
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conjunctive adverb
- joins two clauses together
- (also; therefore; finally)
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article
- (a, an) - indefinite articles
- (the) - definite article
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subject and predicate
- S: what/whom sentence is about
- P: tells something about subject
- ex: "John(subject) went home(predicate)."
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auxiliary verb
- "helping verb" that occurs immediately before another verb
- ex: "Must have"
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linking verb
- joins the subject and adjective or noun. Connects subject to something said about it.
- ex: "Kela is fat"
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transitive verb
- action verb (kick; grab). must have direct object
- ex: "Juan kicked me."
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intransitive verb
- action verb. will not have direct object.
- ex: "The cats lie in the shade."
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coordinating, subordinating, and correlating conjunctions
coor (for; and; but); sub (if; though; when) cor (either...or)
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verbal
a noun (gerund or infinitive) or adjective (participle) formed from a verb.
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present perfect
- (He has spoken)
- emphasis on result
- action that has influence on present
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present perfect progressive
- (He has been speaking)
- emphasis on course of action
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past perfect
- (He had spoken)
- action taking place before a certain time
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past perfect progressive
(He had been speaking)
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future progressive
(He will be speaking; He will have been speaking)
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conditional tense
(He would speak; He would have spoken)
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conditional progressive
(He would be speaking)
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syllepsis
- single word governs/modifies two or more others using multiple difinitions.
- ex: "Rend your heart, and not your garments."
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anacoluthon
a sentence that changes grammatical structure midway, often to show disturbance or excitement.
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accisum
- feigned or pretended refusal of something actually desired
- ex: "How kind, but you need it more than me..."
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syllogism
- conclusion based on two premises
- ex: "All A is C; all B is A; therefore, all B is C"
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feminine rhyme
stressed syllable and one unstressed -motion - notion- (double-rhyme); stressed and two unstressed - fortunate - importunate- (triple-rhyme)
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masculine rhyme
- rhyme of but a single stressed syllable
- ex: disdain - complain
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prosody
study of meter and versification
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malaporism
type of pun where a word is purposely "mixed up" with another for comedic effect
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anthropomorphism
a type of personification. can be living/not living objects take human traits. esp: Gods; animals; religion
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antithesis
- a contrast of words/ideas. Parellel construction
- ex: "Give me libery or give me death"
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homograph
- a word written the same as another but with different meaning
- ex: bear
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metonym
- thing equals concept
- ex: "Oval Office" for "President"
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synecdoche
- part equals whole
- ex: "all hands on deck"
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expository
- purpose: to explain
- not to describe or pursuade
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kafkaesque
bizarre in nature. like imagery of Franz Kafka
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apostrophe
- an address to something not present
- ex: "O Death!"
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in media res
- "in the middle of things" narrative that starts in teh middle of action
- ex: The Odyssey
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non sequitor
"does not follow" a statement having little or no relevance to what preceded it. often humorous
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analogy
- comparison of two subjects by a shared action
- ex: "The mouse was quiet as a theif"
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corollary
a proposition that follows from (and often adds to) one alrready proven
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peroration
concluding part of a speech typcially meant to inspire enthusiasm
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soliloquy
speaking one's thoughts aloud (drama)
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aphorism
- consice statement that contains a cleverly stated subjective truth. a truism
- "Power tends to corrrupt"
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Deus ex Machina
"hand of God" resolving conflict by some convenient, unrelated source/power in a narrative.
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anadiplosis
- repeats one or several words that end one clause and start another
- ex: "Some men are born great....some men...some..."
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chiasmus
- the words in one phrase/cluase are reversed in the next.
- "Just because you're born in the slum doenst mean the slum in born in you."
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meiosis
understantement. antonymn of hyperbole
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Charles Dickens
Victorian era. Social reform. Characterized London. Florid/poetic language. Satires upper class. Fantasy and realism. Highly sentimental. Famous for everyday, relatable characters.Oliver Twist 1839 - shocked readers with realistic descriptions of poverty in London slums; A Tale of Two Cities 1859
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A Tale of Two Cities
1859. Charles Dickens. London/Paris before French rev. Charles Darnay(F) and Sydney Carton (E)
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James Joyce
"A demonstration and sumation of the modernist movement." Ulysses 1922 - modern Odyssey. stream of consciousness.
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John Milton
british. Paradise Lost 1667. Blank verse, epic poem. Reflects his personal dispair at failure of the revolution, yet affirms optimism in human potential.
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Virgil
Rome's greatest poet. The Aeneid 19BC - national epic of Rome. Epic dexameter poem. Follows prince from Troy to Itialian war to found Rome
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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
"Germany's supreme genius" - Weimer Classicism. Faust 1832 - Tragic, closet play. Hugely influential
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Miguel de Cervantes
- Spanish often called "the language of Cervantes."
- Don Quixote 1605 and 1615 - considered first modern novel. Parody of chivalric romances. Human nature. Don Quixote and Sancho Panza
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Murasaki Shikubu
The Tale of Genji (1000AD)
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Sophocles
- Greek tradgedian. Improved character/plot
- Oedipus Rex 429 BC
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William Faulkner
- American writer. Mississippi. Southern Renaissance.
- As I lay Dying 1930 - stream of consciousness. Many narrators.
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