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theory
set of formal statements that explains how and why certain events are related to on another
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hindsight
after-the-fact understanding
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what are the advantages and disadvantages of hindsight
- advantage-provides insight
- disadvantage-many explanations unable to know what ones are correct
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Law of parisimony
If two theories can explained predicted equally well, the simpler is preferred.
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variable
factor that can vary
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operational definition
defines a variable in terms of the specific procedures used to produce or measure it.
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social desirability bias
tendency to respond in a cocially acceptable manner tather than according to how one truly feels or behaves.
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darley and latanes experiment
bystander emergency experiment
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how did latane's and darley test their hypothesis?
Record whether and how quickly college students helped a seizure victim
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unobtrusive measures
record behavior while participants are unawared.
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archival measures
records that already exist
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how can psychologists measure behavior
self-reports, reports from others who know participants, unobtrusive measures, archival data, psychological tests, physiological measures.
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What is thinking scientifically?
- curiosity
- skepticism
- open-mindedness
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steps in scientific process
- observe
- info. gathering, forming hypothesis
- conducting research
- analyze, conclusions, report findings
- build a body of knowledge
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hypothesis
prediction about a phenomenon
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descriptive research
describes how humans and animals behave in natural settings
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naturalistic observation
gathers info about behavior in real-life settings
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case study
anaylysis of a person, group or event
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correlational research
measures the relation between naturally occurring variables. positive correlations 1st and 2nd variables have high scores. negative correlations have opposite variable scores.
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independent variables
manipulated variable, viewed as cause
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dependent variable
measured, viewed as effect
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placebo effect
change in behavior from expectation, not because of the treatment
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confounding variables
independant variable becomes mixed up with an uncontrolled variable
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internal validity
degree to which an experiment supports clear causal conclusions
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experimenter expectancy effects
unintentional ways researchers influence participants response
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double-blind procedue
prevents placebo effects and experimenter expectancy
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external validity
replicating study under other circumstances
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descriptive statistics
summarize the characteristics of a set of data
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measures of central tendancy
whats the most typical score
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median
score in the middle
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range
difference between highest and lowest scores
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inferential statistics
determines whether findings will occur again
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statistical significance
unlikely that findings occured by chance
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meta-analysis
combine different studies that examine same topic
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