-
theory
set of formal statements that explains how and why certain events are related to on another
-
hindsight
after-the-fact understanding
-
what are the advantages and disadvantages of hindsight
- advantage-provides insight
- disadvantage-many explanations unable to know what ones are correct
-
Law of parisimony
If two theories can explained predicted equally well, the simpler is preferred.
-
variable
factor that can vary
-
operational definition
defines a variable in terms of the specific procedures used to produce or measure it.
-
social desirability bias
tendency to respond in a cocially acceptable manner tather than according to how one truly feels or behaves.
-
darley and latanes experiment
bystander emergency experiment
-
how did latane's and darley test their hypothesis?
Record whether and how quickly college students helped a seizure victim
-
unobtrusive measures
record behavior while participants are unawared.
-
archival measures
records that already exist
-
how can psychologists measure behavior
self-reports, reports from others who know participants, unobtrusive measures, archival data, psychological tests, physiological measures.
-
What is thinking scientifically?
- curiosity
- skepticism
- open-mindedness
-
steps in scientific process
- observe
- info. gathering, forming hypothesis
- conducting research
- analyze, conclusions, report findings
- build a body of knowledge
-
hypothesis
prediction about a phenomenon
-
descriptive research
describes how humans and animals behave in natural settings
-
naturalistic observation
gathers info about behavior in real-life settings
-
case study
anaylysis of a person, group or event
-
correlational research
measures the relation between naturally occurring variables. positive correlations 1st and 2nd variables have high scores. negative correlations have opposite variable scores.
-
independent variables
manipulated variable, viewed as cause
-
dependent variable
measured, viewed as effect
-
placebo effect
change in behavior from expectation, not because of the treatment
-
confounding variables
independant variable becomes mixed up with an uncontrolled variable
-
internal validity
degree to which an experiment supports clear causal conclusions
-
experimenter expectancy effects
unintentional ways researchers influence participants response
-
double-blind procedue
prevents placebo effects and experimenter expectancy
-
external validity
replicating study under other circumstances
-
descriptive statistics
summarize the characteristics of a set of data
-
measures of central tendancy
whats the most typical score
-
median
score in the middle
-
-
-
range
difference between highest and lowest scores
-
inferential statistics
determines whether findings will occur again
-
statistical significance
unlikely that findings occured by chance
-
meta-analysis
combine different studies that examine same topic
|
|