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inmyhouse
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Normal Flora includes?
- Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species
- Diphtheroids
- Propionibacterium acnes (anaerobe)
- Streptococcus viridans
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What are the pathogens?
- Superficial:
- Staphylococcus aureus
- B-hemolytic Streptococcus
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- ?Enteric?
- Surgical:
- Include anaerobes
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What are the media(s) used to innoculate wound specimens and their incubation conditions?
- BAP
- MacConkey
- Chocolate
- BAP (an)
- Thio broth (Brewers Meat)
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What is an API biotype number?
Numeric representative of a series of phenotypic characteristics expressed by and unique to a particular bacterial species.
The number itself represents a pattern of positive and negative biochemical reactions.
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True or False?
Corynebacterium is a Gram+ diphtheroid (Chinese letters, palisade), catalase +, and motile?
- False.
- Corynebacterium is non-motile.
-
True or False?
Corynebacterium urealyticum is responsible for UTIs and is urea -
- False.
- C. urealyticum is urea +
-
True or False?
Corynebacterium are faculative anaerobes
True
-
Name a very resistance specie of Corynebacterium commonly found in prosthetic device implants infection and that is pyrazidamidase hydrolysis +
C. jeikeium
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Arcanobacterium
- Beta-hemolytic
- GNR
- Catalase -
- Camp inhibition + (A.haemolyticum)
- Camp inhibition - (A. pyogenes)
-
True or False.
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is transmitted by handling infected animal or fish.
True
-
True or False
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae requires increased carbon dioxide on BAP to grow.
True
-
True or False
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a rare animal or fish pathogen that causes cellulitis or endocarditis.
True
-
True or False
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a GPR, catalase +, motile, and demonstrate alpha hemolysis on BAP.
- False
- Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is catalase - and non motile.
Note: It could be either alpha or non hemolytic on BAP.
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**Pasturella multicida** is transmitted by bites or contact with animal (eg. dogs, cats).
It causes cellulitis and respiratory infections (if you kiss your pets).
- gncb
- catalase +
- spot indole +
- oxidase +
- DOES NOT grow on MacConkey!
-
True or False
Chromobacterium violaceum are gram negative rods (non fermenters) that are found in water. Colonies exhibit a violoet pigment on nutrient agar.
True
-
True or false
Pasturella multicida is GNR, catalase -
- False
- Pasturella multicida is GNCB, catalase +
-
Out of the following pathogens, which is most rarely isolated from a patient wound specimen?
A) Arcanobacterium spp.
B) Chromobacterium violaceum
C) Corynebacterium spp.
D) Pasteurella multicida
E) Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
E) Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae(this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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True or False
The toxic effect of oxygen to anaerobes is due to production of superoxide by flavoenzymes.
True
-
True or False
Q. The superoxide is produced by superoxide dismutase.
- A. False
- The superoxide is DESTROYED by superoxide dismutase.
-
True or False
Q. Most anaerobes are pathogens of the mucous membranes of the intestine.
- A. False
- Anaerobes are normal flora of mucous membranes and are the most abundant organisms in the intestine.
-
True or False
Q. Anaerobes are more difficult to decolorize on gram stains due to the increased lipid proteins in their cell membrane.
- A. False
- Anaerobes decolorize very easily!
-
Because anaerobes decolorize readily on the gram stain, alternative tests can be used to determine the gram such as 3% KOH string test, and the vancomycin susceptibility test.
Q. What are the expected results for gram positive and gram negative organisms?
GP: 3% KOH - , Vancomycin S
GN: 3% KOH + (except some Bacillus spp.) , Vancomycin R
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Q. Which of these spemicen is an acceptable specimen for anaerobic culture?
A) Swabs
B) Gastric juices
C) Bronchial washings
D) Sputums
E) Fluid aspirates (abscess)
E) Fluid aspirates (abscess) (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Q. Which of the follow specimen is unacceptable for anaerobic culture?
A) Biopsy
B) Tissues
C) Surgical specimens
D) Catherterized urine
E) Fluids from sterile sites
D) Catherterized urine (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Q. What is the redox indicator used to assess anaerobic conditions?
A. Resazurin
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True or False
Cysteine is the reducing agent in the Cary/Blair medium.
True
-
True or False
The Cary/Blair medium is used as a transport media for anaerobes.
True
-
True or False
Anaerobic plates are usually incubated for 24 hrs.
- False.
- Plates are incubated anaerobically for at least 48 hours.
-
Q. Vitamin K supports the growth of which organism(s)?
A) Prevotella and Bacteroides
B) Porphyromonas
C) Prevotella and Porphyromonas
D) Prevotella
E) Bacteroides
C) Prevotella and Porphyromonas (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
-
Hemin supports the growth of which organism(s)?
A) Bacteroides
B) Prevotella and Porphyromonas
C) Prevotella and Bacteroides
D) Porphyromonas
E) Prevotella
C) Prevotella and Bacteroides (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
-
What is the reducing agent in the Brewers Meat?
A) yeast extract
B) thioglycolate
C) cycloserine
D) L-cysteine
B) thiglycolate (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
-
Bacteroides bile esculin agar (BBE) has which of the ingredients in it?
a) bile salts, gentamicin, esculin
b) yeast extact, L-cysteine, vitamin K
c) Cycloserine cefoxitin fructose egg yold agar
- a) bile salts, gentamicin, esculin
- *note: Bacteroides fragilis hydrolyzes the esculin.
-
CDC blood agar is enriched with?
A) Cysteine and resazurin
B) Yeast extract, L-cysteine, and vitamin K
C) Bile salts and gentamicin, with esculin
B) yeast extract, L-cysteine, and vitamin K (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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CCFA (cycloserine cefoxitin fructose egg yolk agar) is selective for which organism?
A) Bacteroides fragilis
B) Prevotella spp.
C) Bacillus spp.
D) Clostridium difficile
D) Clostridium difficile(this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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True or False
Brewers Meat should be stored at room temperature and boil and cooled right before use.
True
-
EYA (egg yold agar) is used to determine lecithinase and lipase production of clostridia and fusobacterium.
An organism producing both lecithinase and lipase, respectively, would produce what kind of reaction?
a) opaque, pearl sheen
b) opaque, clear
c) clear, pearl sheen
c) clear, clear
- a) opaque, pearl sheen
- *Note: The opaque zone is due to cleavage of lecithin relasing insoluble fats. Lipase cleaves lipids, releasing glycerol which floats to the surface giving a pearl sheen.
-
An ideal holding jar system is composed of how many jars?
A) 3
B) 6
C) 2
D) 4
A) 3 (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
-
The second jar in the system of holding jars is used for what purpose?
A) new BAP (not inoculated)
B) BAP or media that is in working progress
C) Bap or media just inoculated ready to close jars
B) BAP or media that is in working progress (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Which of the following are obligate anaerobes?
A) Bacteroides fragilis and Bacillus staerothermophillus
B) Clostridium haemolyticum and Bacteroides fragilis
C) Prevotella and Bacteroides fragilis
B) Clostridium haemolytic and Bacteroides fragilis(this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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True or False
Methylene blue is a redox indicator.
A blue colour indicates a reduced state.
- False.
- Blue -> oxidized
- colourless -> reduced
-
Which of the following are reducing agents?
a) thioglycolate and chopped meat
b) cystein and iron
c) ascorbic acid and glucose
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
-
To acheive anaerobic conditions, oxygen is combined with hydrogen to form molecules of water.
2H2 + 02 ---> 2H20
What is the catalyst used in anaerobic gas packs for this reaction to proceed forward?
A) Palladium
B) Resazurin
C) Methylene blue
D) 85% N2
A) Palladium (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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True or False
Haemophilus cannot grow in anearobic conditions because it is a capnophilic organism.
- False.
- Haemophilus can grow pinpoint colonies in anaerobic conditions because the BAP RBC are slightly lysed releasing V factor.
-
Spot indole testing should be performed from which media?
a) CNA
b) MacConkey
c) Columbia based BAP or egg yolk agar d) Chocolate
- c) Columbia based BAP or egg yolk agar
- Note: only media with tryptophan will be suitable for a spot indole test since tryptophan is the precursor molecule to indole.
-
The following is not true of a Nagler test:
a) Anti lecithinase (antibody) is swabbed on half an egg yold agar
b) Organism is inoculated on both halves of the media
c) C. perfringens produces lecithinase (opaque zone on half plate with no antibody)
d) none of the above
d) none of the above
-
Which organism is known to be Reverse Camp test + ?
A) Actinomyces israelii
B) P. propionicus
C) Clostridium perfringens
D) Clostridium tetani
C) Clostridum perfringens(this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
-
True or False
To be Reverse Camp + means that the organism produces a beta lysine.
True
-
Which of the following is not a Gram positive rod organism?
a) Clostridium perfringens
b) Veillonella
c) Actinomyces israelii
d) Propionibacterium
- b) Veillonella
- It is a gram negative cocci
-
Which of the following is indole - ?
A) Clostridium tetani
B) Mobiluncus
C) Peptrostreptococcus
D) Propionibacterium
B) Mobiluncus (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
-
Which of the following is not catalase + ?
a) Propionibacterium
b) Mobiluncus
c) Peptococcus niger
d) Lactobacillus
d) Lactobacillus
-
Which of the following is non motile?
A) Clostridium tetani
B) Clostridium perfringens
C) Clostridium difficile
D) Clostridium botulinum
B) Clostridium perfringens(this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Which of the following is the cause of the "floppy infant" syndrome?
A) Prevotella melaninogenica
B) Clostridium botulinum
C) Clostridium tetani
D) Suttonella wadsworthensis
B) Clostridium botulinum(this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Which of the following is the correct expected test results for Porphyromonas?
A) Catalase -, Kanamycin R, Colistin S, Vancomycin S
B) Catalase +, Kanamycin R, Colistin R, Vancomycin R
C) Catalase -, indole -, Kanamycin R, Colistin S, Vancomycin R
A) Catalase -, Kanamycin R, Colistin S, Vancomycin S (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
-
Which of the following is the appropriate series of test results for Bacteroides fragilis?
a) Catalase -, indole -, Kanamycin R, Colistin S, Vancomycin R
b) Catalase -, Kanamycin R, Colistin S, Vancomycin S
c) Catalase +, Kanamycin R, Colistin R, Vancomycin R
c) Catalase +, Kanamycin R, Colistin R, Vancomycin R
-
Prevotella melaninogenica and Porphyromonas are both gram negative coccobacilli and are very similar in biochemical reaction. How would you differentiate the both?
Prevotella melaninogenica --> Vancomycin R
Porphyromonas --> Vancomycin S
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Which of the following is not a gram negative rod?
a) Fusobacterium nucleatum
b) Suttonella wadsworthensis
c) Bilophila wadworthia
d) Bacteroides fragilis
e) Mobiluncus
- e) Mobiluncus
- Note: gram variable curved bacilli.
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Def'n: Toxoid
The toxic portion of the toxin is destroyed without alterring the antigenic quality of the toxin, a good antitoxin response against Diphtheria, Tetanus, Botulism
-
Def'n: Opsonin
Serum proteins that attach to a foreigh substance and enhance phagocytosis.
-
Def'n: Prozone
False negative reactions in a serological test due to antibody excess.
-
Def'n: Exotoxin
Produced by gram + organisms, polypeptide, heat unstable, highly antigenic, makes good toxoids, specific against certain tissue (nerve cells, muscles).
-
Def'n: Endotoxin
Part of the gram - cell wall, lipopolysaccharide, heat stable, not highly antigenic, does not make good toxoids, non specific toxic effects (fever).
-
Def'n: Hapten
A low molecular weight substance that can bind to an antibody once it is formed, but that is incapable of stimulating antibody production unless bound to a larger carrier molecule.
-
Def'n: Acute phase reactant
Protein that increases due to infection; C-reactive protein, complement (faciliates phagocytosis).
-
Def'n: C-reactive protein
is an acute phase protein indicating inflammation.
-
Def'n: Cell mediated hypersensitivity
Involves T-lymphocytes (delayed 48-72 hrs); PPD, tuberculin test
-
Def'n: Antibody mediated hypersensitivity
involves B-lymphocytes (immediate, anaphylactic); hay fever, food
-
Def'n: Acquired (adaptive) immunity
Specific response to eliminate pathogen (T-cells, B-cells, antibodies)
- 1- Active immunity
- a. Natural
- b. Artificial (vaccine to stimulate production of one's own antibodies)
- 2- Passive immunity
- a. Natural (from mother to infant)
- b. Artificial (vaccine containing antibodies already made.)
-
Def'n: Precipitation reactions
Soluble antigen + soluble antibody = insoluble complex
-
Which of the following are not precipitation reactions?
a) Flocculation
b) Elek reaction
c) Ring test
d) Patho Dx
- d) Patho Dx
- note: this is an agglutination reaction
-
True or False
In the Reverse passive agglutination, we are looking for the antibody.
- False, we are looking for the antigen.
- ie. this is an example of patho Dx
-
True or False
In Coagglutination, latex beads are used as carrier particle for the antibody.
False, bacteria (staph) are the carrier particle for the antibody.
-
True or False
In complement fixation, RBC lysis indicates a positive reaction.
- False, RBC lysis indicates a negative reaction.
- Note: we are looking for the antibody in the specimen. If the latter was present, it would have bound to their respective antigen and the compliments. Indicator RBC which have already been sensitized are then added. Since no complement are available, the RBC are intact, meaning a positive result.
-
True or False
Direct fluorescent antibody is used to determine if an antibody is present in a patient specimen.
False, we are looking for the antigen in the patient specimen.
-
True or false
Indirect fluorescent antibody is used to determine the presence of an antibody in a patient serum.
True
-
True or False
Treponema pallidum is a spirochete that is the causative agent of syphilis and does not gram stain.
True
-
In which stage of a syphilis infection would you expect to find a positive blood culture?
A) Primary
B) tertiary
C) secondary
C) secondary (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
-
True or false
In Nontreponemal (non specific) tests, we are looking for Reagin (non specific antibody).
Such tests include:
VDRL (Venereal disease researach lab)
RPR (rapid plasma reagin)
TRUST (Toluidine red unheated serum test)
True
-
True or False
If you had syphilis 2 years ago but was treated and are now free of the disease, you would still test positive in a treponemal (specific) test.
- True
- Note: The treponemal (specific) test provides info wheather you were infected in the pass or any time in your life (even if previously treated). It is a permanent result.
-
Which organism is the causative agent of Lyme disease and is transmitte dto humans by ticks?
A) Toxoplasmosis
B) Borrelia bugdorferi
C) Leptospira
D) Pasteurella multocida
B) Borrelia bugdorferi(this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
-
Which of the following is not a spirochete?
a) Borrelia
b) Leptospira
c) Treponema
d) Pasteurella
- d) Pasteurella
- Note: it is a gram negative coccobacilli
-
True or False
Infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-barr virus) causes the production of heterophile antibodies.
True
-
After Guinea pig cell absorption and Beef RBC absorption respectively, what would be observable on sheep RBC from an infectious mononucleosis patient serum?
Agglutination, no agglutination
-
Which of the following is true of the Weil Felix reaction:
A) uses Proteus antigen to detect Richattsial antibody.
B) used to diagnose enteric fever
C) Patient serum agglutinates killed bacterial (salmonella) suspension
D) Analysis of extracted fatty acids in cell wall of microorganisms
A) uses Proteus antigen to detect Richattsial antibody. (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
-
True or false
For the interpretation of serology, two specimen is always required; the acute serum (frozen), and the convalescent serum (10-14 days after acute) should be run at the same time. A fourfold increase in titer from the acute to convalescent is diagnostic of an infection.
True
-
True or False
Presence of IgM antibody means a recent infection.
True
-
True or False
Agglutination testing for bacterial pathogens involves both antigen and
antibody being at the soluble (molecular) level, while precipitation testing to confirm the presence of an infection involves both antigen and antibody being in suspension (at the particulate level).
False. (The reverse is true.)
-
True or False
Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-positive bacillus which is responsible for wounds following bites from domestic animals and is catalase and
oxidase positive.
False. (It is a gram negative coccobacillus.)
-
True or False
A characteristic by which Actinomyces species differ from fungi is cell wall
structure.
True
-
True or False
Injection of the BCG vaccine results in naturally-acquired active immunity.
False. (Artificially-acquired active immunity)
-
True or False
Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of plague, a zoonotic infection
transmitted to humans by rat bites.
False. (It is transmitted from one mammalian host to another by flea bites.)
-
True or False
An anaerobic jar prepared by either the evacuation-replacement
technique or using a disposable hydrogen/carbon dioxide generator
requires the use of palladium-coated alumina pellets as a catalyst.
True
-
True or False
In the complement fixation test, the antibody is found in the patient's
serum, and the antigen is prepared from the infecting organism; a positive
test is shown by hemolysis of indicator red blood cells.
False. (A positive test is shown by no hemolysis.)
-
True or False
Organisms in the Bacteroides fragilis group can be identified by their
resistance patterns to antibiotics such as kanamycin and vancomycin,
and the presence of a characteristic brick-red fluorescent colour when observed under ultra-violet light.
False. (The fluorescent pigment is characteristic of Porphyromonas spp. and Prevotella spp.)
-
True or False
Clostridium tetani is a Gram-positive anaerobic bacillus which produces
two endotoxins, a hemolysin and a neurotoxin.
- False. (They are exotoxins.)
- *Note: Gram positive produce exotoxins.
- Gram negative produce endotoxins.
-
True or False
The absence of hemolysis in the 1/666 dilution in an antistreptolysin-O
titration indicates that the patient has had a recent infection with Streptococcus pyogenes; the result is expressed as 666 Todd units.
True
-
True or False
Leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium leprae, is a disease which is endemic
in parts of the southern United States, and can only be cultured in live
animals.
True
-
True or False
Actinomyces species are Gram-positive, aerobic bacteria associated with
wound infections of the face and head.
False. (They are anaerobic.)
-
True or False
Injection of a diphtheria toxin results in artificially-acquired passive
immunity.
False. (It is a toxoid, and will result in active immunity.)
-
True or False
Acceptable specimens for the cultivation of anaerobes include suprapubic
bladder aspirates, syringe aspirates of abscess fluid, and wound swabs placed in an appropriate anaerobic transport system immediately after collection.
True
-
True or False
The body's first line of immunological defense involves physical barriers,
such as mucous membranes and cilia, as well as phagocytosis by
neutrophils.
False. (Phagocytosis is a second line defense mechanism.)
-
True or False
Nocardia asteroides is a Gram-positive organism which possesses a
mycelial structure and may stain positive with the Ziehl-Neelsen stain.
True
-
True or False
Anaerobic Gram-positive cocci include members of the genera
Peptostreptococcus and Veillonella.
False. (Veillonella spp. are gram negative.)
-
True or False
Wound infections can be polymicrobial, resulting from infections by
combinations of facultative bacteria.
True
-
True or False
Eikenella corrodens are Gram-negative coccobacilli which ferment
glucose and are associated with human bite wounds.
- False. (Eikenella corrodens is biochemically inert.)
- *Note: Eikenella corrodens is usually gram negative bacilli but may sometimes appear gram negative coccobacilli.
-
True or False
Direct immunofluorescent antibody techniques involve adding fluorescein
isothyocyanate-labelled antibody to a smear of a particular bacterium.
True
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