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Circumference of a circle
C=TTd
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Perimeter of Triangle
a+b+c
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Pythagorean therorem
(applies only to right triangles)
a2+b2=c2
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Surface area of cube
SA=6s2
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Surface area of a rectangle
SA=2lw+2wh+lh
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acute angle
angle greater than 0o and less than 90o
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Obtuse angle
greater than 90o and less tha 180o
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Straight angle
measures exactly 180o
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Complimentary angles
two or more angles whose sum is 90o
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Supplementary angles
two or more angles whose sum is 180o
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Scalene triangle
No two angles of a scalene triangle are equal to each other
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Isosceles triangle
Always has two equal angles
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Equilateral triangle
all three angles equal 60o
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Acute triangle
all 3 angles are less than 90o
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Obtuse triangle
One angle greater than 90o
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Quadrilateral
- polygon with 4 sides
- Sum on the angles is always 360
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Nucleus
contains genetic information or DNA and controls the cell activity
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Plasma membrane
a semipermeable membrane that seperates the contents of the cell from the surrounding fluid
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Cytoplasm
fluid matrix found between the plasma membrane and the nucleus that acts as scaffolding for the organelles
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Organelles
"Little organs" specialized units in the cell that perform certain functions
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Mitochondria
Location of cellular respiration which is the conversion of food to energy at the cellular level
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Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis in the cess
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Endoplasmic reticulum
Means for transporet within the cell and is made up of many channels
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
has ribosomes on its surface. Serves to store and deliver protein made by the attached ribosmes
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Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
storage of enzymes and minerals and the folding of proteins
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Golgi complex
modifies and packages proteins destined for use int he cell or for export from the cell
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Lysosomes
sacs that sontain strong digestive enzymes responsible for digesting cell structures that are no longer living or that are malfunctioning and for digesting waste
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Plants Cells
can be distinguished by the facts that they are surrounded by a cell wall and contain chloroplasts
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Vacuoles (plant cells)
compartments in the cytoplasm that act as places for secretion, excretion and storage
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Active transport
Involves use of energy in the form of ATP to move substances across the membrane
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Passive transport
Does NOT require energy and makes use of diffusion and filtration
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Diffusion
Particle move in a random manner spreading evenly throughout and available space and moving from regions of high concentration to lower concentration
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Osmosis
Water moves from an area of high water concentration to and area of low water concentration
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Isotonic
solute concentration of the water is the same as that inside the cell
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hypertonic
solute is more concentrated outisde of the cell than inside
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Hypotonic
solute concentration outside the cell is lower thatn that inside the cell
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Primary consumer
obtain their food by consuming plants or animals
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Secondary consumer
carnivores or omnivores that eat herbivores
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Tertiary consumers
carnivores that eat other carnivores or omnivores
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Law of Dominance
individuals with contrasting traits are crossed, the dominant trait is expressed and the recessive trait is masked
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Law of segregation
when two hybrids are crossed the hidden trait becomes segregated and appears in 25% of the offspring
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Law of independent Assortment
genes on different chromosomes are inherited independently of each other
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Light microscope
magnifies up to 2000 times
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Electron micorscope
magnifies up to 2 million times
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Ligaments
connect bone to bone
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Tendon
connect muscle to bone
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Cornea
allows light to enter the eye
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iris
- eye color
- changes in size regulating how much light is allowed to enter the pupil
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lens
focuses light onto the retina
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retina
innermost layer of the eyeball and contains two types of photoreceptor cells
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rod cells
- sensitive to light
- distinguishes between black and white, and allows us to see at night
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Cone cells
allows to distinguish colors in the day
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Proton
positive chargee and found in nucleus
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Neutron
Neutral and found in nucleus
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Atomic number
is equal to the number of protons found in the nucleus of each of its atoms
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Mass number
equal to the number of nucleons(protons + neutrons)
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Covalent bond
atoms form molecules by sharing pairs of electrons
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nonpolar covalent bond
two atoms sharing electrons equally
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polar covalent bond
two atoms share electrons unequally
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condensation
gas to liquid
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sublimation
direct change between the solid phase and the gaseous phase without a liquid phase
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Acid
denotes hydrogen ions
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Base
denotes hydroxide ions
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Lugols solution (iodine)
turns blue-black in the presence of starch
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Benedicts solution
when heated with a simple sugar turns red
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Displacement
- distance that and object is from some starting point
- measured in units of length
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Motion
- displacement is constantly changing
- described by displacement, velocity(speed) and acceleration
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Speed
distance traveled by an object per unit of time
S=distance traveled/time
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Velocity
- speed in a given direction
- speed and direction
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Acceleration
Acceleration=final velocity-original velocity/time
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Momentum
M=mass x velocity
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Newton's 1st law (law of inertia
objects in motion tend to stay in motion and that objects at reast tend to stay at rest
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Newton's 2nd law
relationship between force, mass and acceleration
force=mass x acceleration
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Kinectic energy
ability to do work
kinetic energy=1/2 (mass x velocity)2
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Potential energy
stored energy
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Work
work=force x distance
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Boyle's law
When temperature is constant, the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume
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Charle's law
volume of a fixed amount of gas varies directly with its temperature. If temperature increased, volume increases
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Kelvin to Celsius
Kelvin=Celsius + 273
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Fahrenheit to Celsius
Fahrenheit=(9/5+celsius) + 32
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Amplitude
Maximum distance a wave rises or falls as it travels
- Brightness with light
- Loudness with sound waves
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Frequency of a wave
how oftne a cycle repeats itself in s specific time unit
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resonance
occurs when the vibration of one system results in the vibration of the other system at the same frequency
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Pitch
has to do with frequency
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Refraction
the bending of light rays as they pass from one medium to another because light moves at different speeds through different mediums
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Coulomb's law
electric force between two charges is proportional to the product of the two charges
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Electrical power
power = voltage x current
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watts
watts=volts x amperes
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