The variable that is measured in an expirement is called the ____________.
dependent variable
A planned procedure to test a hypothesis is call a(n) ___________.
expirement
Describe the structurer of an atom/
The center of an atom has a nucleus.A nucleus the contains protons (+) and nuetrons (0). The nucleus is surronded by electrons (-) that float around in an electron cloud.
Define Polar Molecule.
A molecule that has an unequal distribution of charge due to an uneven pull of electrons.
All matter is composed of ________.
atoms
Ionic bonds form between molecules that have ____________________.
Opposite charges
What is a convalent bond?
A bond formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons.
Why do oil and water not mix?
Because oil is nonpolar and water is polar.
What is the pH of an acidic solution? A basic solution?
Less than seven
More than seven
List the four types of organic compounds and their building blocks.
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides)
Lipids (3 fatty acids chains bonded to two glycerol molecules)
Proteins (amino acids)
Nucleotides (nucleic acids)
What element do all organic molecules contain?
Carbon
What is the form that animals store glucose in?
glycogen
What type of organic compound are polysaccharides?
Carbohydrates
What are two types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
What is a substrate?
The molecule on which an enzyme acts upon.
What kind of organic compound is an enzyme?
Protein
How does an enzyme work?
It's a biological catalyst that reduces the amount of activation energy to perform chemical reactions
T or F : Enzymes are used up during a chemical reaction.
False
What are the three things that affect the performence of an enzyme.
pH Level
Enzyme and Substrate Concentration
Tempurature
Enzymes are specific, which means?
They work on one reaction only
Fuzzy images viewed with a microscope may be due to poor ______________.
resolution
How do you calculate the total magninfication of a microscope?
Mulitply the magnification of the ocular lens with the objective lens.
As the cell gets bigger, which increases faster the surface area or the volume?
volume
What is an organelle?
A structure within a eukaryotic cell that performs a specific function.
What kind of molecule forms a lipid bilayer within a cell membrane?
Phosolipids
Hydrophobic tails
Hydropholic heads
What is the function of the cell membrane?
Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Provides protection and support to the cell
What are two differences between active and passive transport? List examples.
Active: (1) Requires energy (2) Materials move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
Passive: (1) Does not require energy (2) Materials move down the concentration gradient
A cell will shrink in a __________ solution.
hypertonic
A cell will swell in a _________ solution.
hypotonic
What is endocytosis?
The process of taking things into the cell.
What is exocytosis?
The process of things leaving the cell.
How is energy released from an ATP molecule?
A molecule is broken off.
Define cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
Cellular Respiration: The process of the mitochondrica breaking down glucose to release chemical energy.
Photosynthesis: The process of plants using the sun's energy to make help make glucose.
What is the major atmospheric by-product in photosynthesis?
oxygen
What are NADPH and FADPH?
Electron carriers
What does the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis require? What is formed?
CO2, NADPH, ATP
Glucose
What happens during glycolysis?
Chemical reactions break glucose down into pyruvic acid.
NADPH is made
A net profittwo ATP is created
List the three stages of cellular respiration?
1) Glycolysis
2) Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb Cycle)
3) Electron Transport Chain
What is the final electron accecptor in aerobic respiration?
Oxygen
Water is an end product in ______________________.
Electron Transport Chain
What happens if oxygen is not present during cellular respiration?
Fermentation occurs
For each molecule of glucose that is broken down during aerobic respiration, the Krebs cycle produces how many ATP?
two
What is the point at which two chromatids are attached to each other in a chromosome?
Centromire
List the stages of the cell cycle IN ORDER.
G1, Synthesis, G2, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telephase, and Cytokynesis
What is spindle made of? What is it produced by?
microtubular
centrioles
Cytokinesis in plant cells involves the formation of a ___________.
Cell plate
How much energy is lost at each trophic level?
90%
What three things make up an organisns niche?
Behavior
Food
Abiotic Factors
What biome makes up the central part of the United States?
Grassland
What biome is located on the equator?
Tropical Rainforest
Animals that feed on plants are at least in the _______ trophic level.