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Compare and contrast the endocrine and nervous systems
- the nervous system is fast acting over a short amount of time while the endocrine system is slow reacting over a long period of time
- the nervous system controls the body through electrical messages while the endocrine system controls the body through chemical messages or hormones
- the nervous system is directly connected to the affected organ or nerve while the endocrine system while the endocrine system is ductless. hormones travel through your blood to the organs
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What are the funcitons of the endocrine system?
- regulates metabolic processes such as the fates of reactions
- transports substances through the membranes
- regulates the water concentration in the body
- growth and development
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What is the endocrine system controlled by?
hormones
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What are hormones?
chemicals secreted by the cell that have and effect on other cells or tissues
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What does each hormone have when it comes to binding?
each hormone has a specific shape that can only bind to target cells
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How do hormones often combine?
in antagonistic pairs
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how do hormones work?
through feedback loops
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What are feedback loops usually?
negative, meaning antagonistic pairs that regulate reactions, one goes up, one goes down
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What is one of the few hormone pairs that works through a positive feedback loop?
the uterus during birth, keeps dialating
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What are the three types of hormones?
- Steroid hormones
- Amino Acid Derivatives
- Peptides
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What are steroids also known as?
prostaglandins
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Explain steriods/prostaglandins
the sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone)
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What are steroids made from?
lipids of cholesterol
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How are steroids inhibited?
by aspirin
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What are amino acid derivatives also known as?
epinephrine or adrenaline
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What are amino acid derivatives or epinepherine made from?
amino acids
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What are peptides made up of?
protiens or amino acids combined together
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Peptides are the ____ group of hormones in the body
largest
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What are the 11 endocrine glands?
- Pituitary Gland
- Thymus
- Thyroid Gland
- Hypothalmus
- Parathyroid Gland
- Heart
- Pancreas
- Pineal Gland
- Adrenal Gland
- Ovaries
- Testis
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What is the pituitary gland also known as?
the master gland
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Where is the pituitary gland?
In the brain
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What does the pituitary gland do?
secrets hormones that go to other endocrine glands that cause them to secrete their hormones
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What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?
- anterior pituitary
- posterior pitutiary
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What are the hromones of the anterior pituitary gland?
- Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)
- Growth Hormone (GH)
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
- Gonadotrophins
- Prolactin
- Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
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What is the adrenocorticotrophic hormone?
- it acts on the adrenal gland (the adrenal gland is its target in other words)
- it causes the adrenal glands to inhibit glucocorticoids
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What is the Growth Hormone?
- affects or targets all cells of the body
- causes protien synthesis and growth
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What is the Thyroid Stimulate Hormone?
(TSH)
- stimulates the thyroid gland-its target
- causes the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones
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What are Gonadotropins?
- Two types:
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH): goes to ovary, causes follicle to develope
- Lutenizing Hormone (LH): Goes to the ovary and causes ovulation
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What is Prolactin?
stimulates the mamorary glands to produce milk
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What is the melanocyte stimulating hormone? (MSH)
- causes the melanocytes to produce melanin
- causes a tan (protection from sun)
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What are the hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Gland?
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
- Oxytocin
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What is the Antidiuretic Hormone?
- target is kidneys
- causes the kidneys to reabsorb/release water
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What is Oxytocin?
causes the muscles of the uterus to contract and push out the baby
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What is the Hypothalmus?
the portion of the brain that controls the master (pituitary) gland
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The Hypothalmus has...
nerve cells that signal to release or not release the hormone
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What does the Hypothalmus do?
synthesizes/makes the hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary
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What is the Pineal Gland?
small oval shaped gland
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Where is the pineal gland located?
deep in the cerevral hemispheres of the brain
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What does the Pineal Gland do?
secretes melatonin
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What is melatonin?
- goes to melanocytes
- makes you tan
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Where is the thyroid gland?
located on the sides and just below your larynx and in front of the trachea
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What shape does the thyroid gland have?
a shielded shape
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What does the thyroid gland do?
secretes many hormones
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What do the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland control?
- your metabolic rates
- your body temperature
- promotes growth of body cells (how large they get, weight)
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What hormones are secreted by the thryroid gland?
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What does Calcitonin?
- hormone that decreases the calcium levels in your blood
- increases the calcium levels stored in your bones
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What is Thyroxin?
controls metabolic rates
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What do you need in your diet for thyroid hormones to work?
Iodine
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What will form if there is not enough iodine in your diet for your thyroid hormones?
goiter
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What is a goiter?
a swelling in the neck due to a lack of iodine
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What are the Parathyroid glands?
four tiny, oval shaped glands
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Where are the Parathyroid Glands located?
on the dorsal side of the thyroid glands
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What do the parathyroid glands do?
regulate calcium metabolism in the body
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What hormone does the parathyroid glands secrete?
PTH: Parathyroid Hormone
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What does the parathyroid hormone do?
- increases the level of calcium in the blood
- works against calcitonin
- decreases the level of calcium stored in the bones
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What does the thymus gland secrete?
secretes hormones called thymosins
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What do Thymosins do?
cause the T-cells of the immune system to mature and develop
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What hormone does the heart secrete?
secretes atrial natriuretic peptide
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What does atrial natriuretic peptide do?
regulates water balance in your body
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What hormones does the pancrease secrete?
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What are the Islets of Langerhans?
- cells in the pancreas that secrete the hormones
- see picture
- broken up into three types of cells
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What are the three types of cells that the Islets of Langerhans are broken up into?
- Alpha Cells
- Beta Cells
- Delta Cells
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What do the alpha cells secrete? what does this hormone do?
- secrete glucagon
- --->converts glycogen into glucose
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What hormone do beta cells secrete? What does this hormone do?
- secrete insulin
- --->converts glucose to glycogen
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What horome do Delta Cells secrete? What does this hormone do?
- secretes/produces somatostatin
- --->inhibits the secretion of glucagon and insulin
- --->keeps blood sugar level as is
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What are the Adrenal Glands?
- pyramid shaped organs that are located on the top of the kidneys
- secretes 2 hormones
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What hormones do the aderenal glands secrete?
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What do erythropotinand renin do?
regulate water balance in the body
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What are the two layers of the adrenal glands?
- Cortex layer: outer layer
- Medulla layer: inner layer
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What does the cortex layer of the adrenal glands contain?
3 sublayers
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What are the three sublayers of the cortex layer of the adrenal glands?
- Zona Glomenulosa: top layer
- Zona Fasciculata: middle layer
- Zona Reticularis: bottom layer
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What do the sublayers of the cortex layer of the adrenal glands make?
- corticosteroid hormones
- --->corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory
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What does Zona Glomenulosa (top layer) do?
secretes aldosterone
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What does aldosterone do?
controls the reabsorption of sodium (Na+) ions in water in the kidneys
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What does Zona Fasciculata (middle layer) do?
secretes glucocortiocoids
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What do glucocorticoids do?
affects clucose, fatty acids, and protien metabolism
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What does Zona Reticularis (bottom layer) do?
secretes androgens
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What do androgens do?
- male hormones
- stimulate the development of the reproductive organs
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What does the medulla layer secrete?
catecholamines
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What are the hormones of catecholamines?
- epinepherine
- norepinepherine
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What is epinepherine also known as?
Adrenaline
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What is norepinpherine?
causes your body to prepare for the fight or flight response
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What causes the medulla layer to secrete the hormones epinepherine and norepinepherine?
- stress
- caffine
- anger
- low blood sugar
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What hormone does the testis produce
Testosterone
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What does Testosterone do?
- regulates sperm production
- regulates general male growth stuff (facial hair, etc)
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What hormone do the ovaries produce?
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What does estrogen do?
controls the development of the ova
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What does Progesterone do?
promotes the growth of the uterus lining
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LOOK IN BOOK AND LIST ALL HORMONES AND THEIR TYPE SUCH AS PEPTIDES, STEROIDS, ETC
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