World History Semester 1 Final

socrates-->plato-->aristotle

• aristarchus-proposed that earth & the planets revolved around the sun
• ptolemy-incorrectly placed earth at the center of the solar system
• eratosthenes-computed earths circumference
• euclid-wrote the book elements
• archimedes-estimated the value of pi

Look on noted

• -all western gov. is based on the roman model
• -12 tables->magna carta->constitution->branches of gov.

• Military
• -to big to defend
• -germanic tribes constantly attacked
• Social/Political
• -willingness to die for rome decreased
• -politicians looked for personal gain
• Economic
• -without expansion there was a shortage of gold
• -devalued coins by using less metal in coins causing inflations

look on notes

• Architecture
• -roads, aquaducts, domes, arches, colosseum

• Language
• -latin
• -basis of romance lang.
• -basis of much english
• -used in law, medicine, & science

• government
• -all western gov. based on roman model

there wasnt much writing so historians didnt know alot

• -a social, economic, & military system based on trading land for loyalty & service
• -a lord gives a land grant called a fief to a vassal in exchange for a promise of military service & a portion of their crops & taxes

• King
• Noble
• Knight
• Peasant/surf

• -weather+horsepower+three field system=more crops=more food=healthier, stronger people
• -population grew
• -as the pop. grew, people left the farms to go into towns

-plague, split in church, kings gained power

ppl began focusing on worldly pleasures & arts and lit. rather than strictly christianity

• -sex after vows of chastity
• -living lavoushly
• -selling indulgences & relics
• -miss rep. the bible
• -drunkness & gambling

• -made bibles cheap
• -common ppl could own a copy
• -printed in vernacular
• -allowed commoners to interpret for themselves
• -exposed church corruption

• Da Vince-mona lisa, the last supper
• Michelangelo-mich.'s david, sistine chapel ceiling
• Donatello-don.'s bronze david
• Raphael-school of athens

• -henry VIII
• -john calvin
• -anabaptists

wealth, Christianity, empires, technology, renaissance spirit

transfered wealth from the colony to the colonial power

• -small pox & flu
• -superior weapon and tactics
• -alliances with other tribes
• -brutality=no mercy

• louis-made france self sufficient
• phillip-raised taxes, inflation, nobles didnt have to pay taxes and taxes fell on lower class, kept guilds and had to import goods

-westernized russia

• -James I
• -Charles I
• -The English Civil War
• -Oliver Cromwell
• -Charles II
• -James II and the Glorious Revolution
• -William and the Constitutional Monarchy

scientists began testing ideas with reason and expirimentation

• geocentric
• -earth centered
• -church taught since we were made in gods image universe must revolve around us
• -simple observation

• heliocentric
• -sun centered
• -25 years of studying the planets & starts pointed to this fact

-scientists were using reason & experimentation to find out what was true in their realm scholars in other areas of study started doing the same thing

• -led athens for 32 years at the height of their power
• -extended direct democracy, put more things to vote on
• -made the athenian navy the greatest in the world

• -took over at age 20
• -next 11 years, army marches 11,000 miles conquering everything from greece to india
• -let men go home
• -died at age 32

-where ever alexander conquered he brought the greek culture and blended it with the good aspects of the local culture

• -sparta vs athens
• -sparta had strong army, but felt threatened that athens was getting stronger
• -after 27 years of war a plague wipped out 1/3 of the city of athens, leaving them to weak to fight

-first rich general to recruit a personal army and become more powerful than the roman army and take over and become a dictator and eventually a emporer

• -started out as a rich general
• -made money by invading and conquering Gaul
• -he, craussus, and pompey created the first triumverate
• -he double crossed the other two and took power
• -stabbed to death by the roman senate

• -octavian was ceasers nephew
• -formed second triumverat
• -killed them and took over rome
• -changed his name to augustus and became caeser augustus

-led the huns

• -roman emporer who was in a battle he assumed he was gonna lose
• -had a vision to put a cross on the shields, did and won
• -made christianity one of the official religions

rich people

-commoners

5000 soldiers

-groups from northern and sometimes eastern that would constantly attack rome

• -when you elect your leaders for the gov.
• -rome had one

• -1st frank leader to unite all of the franks
• -converted to christianity
• -allied with the church to spread christianity though out earth

• -clovis's son
• -charles the hammer
• -won the battle of tours and drove the muslims out of spain and prevented them from turning euro. muslim

• -pepins son
• -named emporer by pope and had an empire that covered all of france and much of spain and germany
• -very effective leader

-a lord gave a land grant called a fief to a vassal in exchange for a promise of military service and a portion of their crops as taxes

• -page
• -squire
• -knight

• -code of conduct every knight was expected to live by
• -called them to fight for god, women, & their fuetal lord

-church official

-fought in 3rd crusade

-series of wars fought btwn. christians and muslims over holy land-jerusalem, israel

-split in papacy

• -disease started in china and made its way to euro by merchant ships
• -lymph system would shut down and you couldnt fight disease
• -1/3 ppl died

• -england vs. france
• -fought over who would be king of france

• -from n france (normandy)
• -laid claim to eng. throne, won at battle of hastings
• -took land from opponents and gave it to supporters
• -centralized power

-first document to limit power of a king

• -2 houses
• -house of lords
• -bishops + nobles
• -house of commons
• -knights + burgesses

-person who was phys., mentally, spiritually, & artistically fit

-english poet and playwrite

-belief that emphasizes the potential of ppl to perfect themselves

• -reign of elizabeth in england
• -time of english renaissance

• -monk that went against all corruption but mostly the selling of indulgences
• -he went against John Tetzel
• -he wanted to reform church, not break away

-document that outlined luthers disagreements with the church in front of the wittenburg castle