the wealth landed elite that emerged in the early decades of abbasid rule
ayan
"charles the great" caroligian monarch who established substantial empire in france and germany
charlemaggne
wanted toland; people who fought in the war that if they died they would go straight to heaven
pope urban II
where serf lived
manors
the social organization created by exchanging grants of lad (fiefs) in return fo rmilitary services
feudalism
wanted to revieve ancient confucian teaching; stressed imporance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action
zhu xi
tried to booost the economy; confucian scholar and chief minister
wang anshi
social organization between landlord and their peasent workers; exchanged labor for rent or land access
manorialism
peasent agriculural labors within the manorial system of the middle ages
serf
fought to regain the holy land back from the muslims
crusades
system of agricultural cultivation; they planted two fields and would leave one open so if could regain its neutrients
three field system
king; converted franks to christianity
clovis
(benedict of nursia) told monks how to live
st. benedict
invaded england; extended tight feudal system to england; established centralized monarchy; established administrative system based of sheriffs
william the conqueror
great character issued by king john; congirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims; represented priniple of mutal limits
magna carta
tolteederty, feathered serpant; adoped by aztects as a major god
quetzalcoatl
aztec tribial patron god; central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old son of god
huitzipuchtl
religious leader and reformer of the toltecs; dedicated to go quetzalcoatl; after losing struggle for power, went into exile in the yucatan peninsula
topiltizin
leading aztec king of the 15th century
nezhualcoyotl
member of prominent northern chinese family during period of 6 dynastys, proclamed himself emperor, supported by nomadic people of northern chine; established sui dynasty
wendi
2nd member of sui dynasty; murdered his father to gain throne, restored confucian examination system; responsible for consturction of chinese canal system; assassinate in 618
yangi
(duke of tang) minister for yangdi; took over empire following assassination of yangi; 1st empire of tang dynasty; took imperial title of gaozu
li yan
title given to students who passed the most difficult chinese examination of all of hinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office
jinshi
emphasized salvationisty aspects of chinese buddhism; popular among masses of chinese society
pure land buddhism
known as zen in japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite chinese society
chan buddhism
killed her husband so her son could take over the throne
empress wu
chinese emperor of tang dynasty who openly persecuted buddhism by destroying monasteries in 840s; reduced influence of chinese buddhism in favor of confucian ideology