Brady Ch 8 Part 1

A thick fluid that fills a cell, also know as protoplasm.

• Nucleus
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• Mitochondria
• Lysosomes
• Peroxisomes

The nucleus is an organelle that contains DNA and the enzymes necessary for replication of the DNA.

The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that has a network of small channels that are rough or smooth. The rough functions in the synthesis of proteins and the smooth the synthesis of lipids.

The golgi apparatus is an organelle that is usually located near the nucleus and performs many functions including the packaging of secretions such as mucus and enzymes.

DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid and determines our inherited traits. DNA also plays a critical ongoing role within our bodies.

Mitochondria is an organelle that is known as the "power house" of the cell. It converts nutrients into energy, usually adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

ATP is adeosine triphosphate, which is a high energy compound that is present in all cells, especially muscles. When split by enzymes energy is given off.

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and function to protect against disease, produce nutrients, break down bacteria and organic debris, and relaease usable substances like sugars and amino acids.

Peroxisomes absorb and nutralize toxins.

The cell membrane is a semipermeable outer layer of the cell.

• Movement
• Conductivity
• Metabolic absorbtion
• Secretion
• Excretion
• Respiration
• Reproduction

Anabolism is the constructive phase of metabolism in which cells convert nonliving things into cytoplasm.

Catabolism is the destructive phase of metabolism in which cells break down complex substances into simpler substances with release of energy.

Homeostatis is the natural tendency of the body to maintain a steady and normal internal environment.

• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ systems
• Organism

• Epithelial
• Muscle
• Connective
• Nerve

Epithelial tissue lines the internal and external surfaces of the body and provides protection. It also can perform specialized functions such as secretion, absorbtion, diffusion, and filtration.

• Cardiac
• Smooth
• Skeletal

Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart and can contract without any external stimulus.

Smooth muscle is found generally in the intestines and encirculating blood vessels. It is generally under the control of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system.

Skeletal muscle is the most abundant type of muscle and allows for movement mostly under voluntary control.

Connective tissue is the most abundant type of tissue in the body and provides support, connection and insulation. Some examples are bones, cartilage, fat and sometimes blood.

Nerve tissue sends electrical impulses throughout the body. Some examples are the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.

• Cardiovascular
• Respiratory
• Gastrointestinal
• Genitourinary
• Reproductive
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Lymphatic
• Muscular
• Skeletal

The lymphatic system is often considered part of the cardiac system. It consists of the spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic channels, thoracic duct, and lymph fluid. It helps fight disease, in filtration, and removing waste products created during cellular metabolism.

The endocrine system functions closely with the nervous system. It consists of the pituitary gland, pineal gland, pancreas, testes or ovaries, adreneal glands, thyroid gland, and parathyroid gland. Other organs that may be associated are the heart, kidneys, and intestines.

*The endocrine system exert its effects through the release of hormones.*

The nervous system is made of the brain, spinal cord, and all peripheral nerves. It controls virtually all bodily functions and is the seat of intellect, awareness and personality.

The positive feedback loop enhances the effects of an input.

The negative feedback loop employs mechanisms to reverse or compensate for changes within the body whether the change is caused by disease or someother factor.

• Atrophy
• Hypertrophy
• Hyperplasia
• Metaplasia
• Dysplasia

Atrophy is a decrease in cell size as a result of decreased workload.

Hypertrophy is an increase in size as a result of increased workload.

Hyperplasia is and increase in the number of cells as a result of increased workload.

Dysplasia is an abnormal change in cell size, shape or appearance caused by an external stressor.

Metaplasia is the replacement of one type of cell by another type of cell that is not normal for that tissue.

Dilation is enlargement of the cells after a pathological event.

Necrosis is death of a cell and is always pathological. There are four types; coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, and fatty. There is also gagrenous necrosis - over a wide area.

TBW is Total Body Water which is the total amount of water in the body at any given time. This amount of water accounts for approximately 60% of the bodies weight.

Intracellular fluid (ICF) is the fluid inside of the cells and accounts for approximately 45% of the bodies weight.

The extracellular fluid (ECF) is all the fluid outside of the body cells accounting for about 15% of the bodies weight. ECF is comprised of intravascular and interstitial fluids.

The intravascular fluid is within the circulatory system; blood plasma. It accounts for 4.5% of the bodies weight and is part of the extracellular fluid.

The interstitial fluid is in the bodies tissues that are outside of the cells and outside of the vascular system. It accounts for about 10.5% of the bodies weight and is part of the extracellular fluid.

Turgor is the cells normal tension and its resistance to deformation. Dehydration is one cause of poor skin turgor.

Commonly called third space losses since the intravascular or intracellular fluids shifts to the interstitial space. Can occur with pancreatitus, peritonitis, bowel obstruction or cases of malnurishment.

Edema is the accumulation of water in the interstitial space.

Ischemia is a blockage or reduction in the delivery of oxygenated blood to the cells.

Hypoxia is oxygen deficiency.

An infarct is cellular death caused by continued lack of oxygen.

A pathogen is a microorganism capable of producing infection or disease.

• Plasma (liquid portion)
• Blood cells (formed elements)

Blood plasma is the liquid portion of the blood and is approximately 92% water, 6-7% proteins and a small portion of other dissolved substances like electolytes, lipids, enzymes, clotting factors and glucose.

A leukocyte is a white blood cell and plays a key role in the immune system and inflammatory response.

A thrombocyte is a platelet for clotting.

Erythrocytes are red blood cells and make up more than 99% of all blood cells. They contain hemoglobin that transport oxygen to the cells.

Hemoglobin is an iron based compound that binds with oxygen and transports it to the cells.

Crystalloids are the primary compounds used in prehospital IV therapy. They are capable of crystallization and in a solution can diffuse through a membrane such as a capillary wall.

Colloid substances have high molecular weight molecules like proteins or starches that tend to remain in the intravascular space for an extended period of time. They also disperse evenly within a liquid without forming a solution.

Normal saline is an electrolyte solution of sodium chloride in water that is isotonic with the extracellular fluid.

Lactated ringers is an isotonic electrolyte solution of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium lactate in water.

• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen

An electrolyte is a solution that when placed in water separates into electrically charged particles.

An ion is a charged particle.

A cation is an ion with a positive charge.

An anion is an ion with a negative charge.

Na⁺ is sodium and is the most prevelent cation in the extracellular fluid and plays a major role in regulating the distribution of water.

H₂CO₃ is carbonic acid and is the combination of water H₂O and carbon dioxide CO₂.

Ca⁺⁺ is calcium. It plays a major role in muscle contraction and nerve impulse delivery.

Osmosis is the passage of a solvent like water through a membrane.

Osmotic gradient is the difference in concentration between solutions on opposite sides of a semi permeable membrane.

Oncotic force is a form of osmotic pressure exerted by the large protein particles or colloids in the blood plasma. In the plasma the colloids tend to pull the water from the interstitial space into the capillary.

Osmolarity is the concentration of solute per liter of water.

A hypertonic solution has a greater concentration of solute molecules than does another fluid.

A hypotonic solution has a lesser concentration of solute molecules than does another solution.

An isotonic solution has an equal amount of solute molecules as another fluid.

Bicarbonate (HCO^-) is in a 20:1 balance with carbonic acid to maintain the blood's pH.

Acidosis is a high concentration on H⁺ giving a blood pH of less than 7.35. It can be either respiratory or metabolic.

Alkalosis is a low concentration of H⁺ resulting in a pH level higher than 7.45. Alkalosis can either be respiratory or metabolic.

An acid is any solution that has a pH lower than 7.

A base is any solution that has a pH higher than 7.