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Ohm's Law
I=E/R
- As electromotive force increases, current
- increases.
- As resistance increases, current
- decreases.
- I = quantity measured in amperes.
- E = electrical pressure measured in voltage.
- R = resistance measured in ohms.
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Alternating current
Plug in (turbine)
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Edison uses
- Parallel blade
- common household
- with or without ground
- 15 amp rating
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Stage pin (uses)
- Common theatre use
- 20 amp rating
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Twistlock (uses)
Specific theatrical applications, 20 amp rating
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Connector configuration
- White-Common, completes circuit after load
- Green-Ground, safety circuit in case of electrical short
- Black-Hot, power potential
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Resistance Dimmer Consoles
- Dimmers use resistance to dim the lights.
- Requires load of 100% of dimmer rating.
- Ghost loads often required.
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Autotransformer Dimmer Consoles
- Dimmers use electromagnets to dim the lights.
- Dimmers can control any range of load.
- Mechanical operation required.
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SCR Dimmers
- Silicon controlled rectifier
- Uses electronic switch (rectifier) to control alternating current.
- Gating process can control any size of load.
- Dimmers receive an electronic signal (12 volts) to determine gate speed.
- Remote control dimmers now possible.
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Five things required to draft a light plot
- 1. Accurate ground plan of venue including hanging positions and circuit locations
- 2. Accurate vertical section of venue
- 3. Accurate ground plan and section of scenic design
- 4. Lighting inventory
- 5. Size and number of dimmers available
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Instrument Information
- Front: color and/or focus information
- Inside: instrument number
- Behind: circuit or channel number
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Title Block
- Performance space
- Title of production
- Plate title
- Scale
- Date
- Designer/Draftsperson
- Plate number
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Legend
- Silhouette of each instrument type
- Written description
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Cut List
ScheduleIf sorted by gel color
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Instrument Schedule
Sorted by location
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Dimmer Schedule
sorted by dimmer
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Information listed on the light plot
- Type of Fixture
- Location
- Instrument Number
- Focus
- Circuit/Channel
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Information not listed on the light plot
- Wattage
- Lamp ANSI Code
- Function/Purpose
- Color
- Frame Size
- Circuit
- Dimmer
- Channel
- Notes
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"Take it to hard focus"
- ellipsoidals
- Slide lens barrel forward or back to get sharp edged pool of light
- Strand Ellipsoidals: Slide lamp housing forward or back to get brightest spot of light on stage
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"Take it to full spot"
- Fresnels
- Turn crank or slider on back or side of fixture, or slide thumb screw along bottom of the fixture,
- so lamp/reflector assembly is as far away from lens as possible.
- EC Fresnels: Do not keep cranking knob after slider indicator stops
- moving
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"Center"
- Shutters in elliposoidals pulled
- light on designer's "face"
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"Lock it off."
Bolts on C-clamp, set screw, and T-handles on instrument are tightened to set permanent position
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"Shutter to here."
- ellipsoidal-Source 4
- Designer refers to the light on stage. Focus crew uses opposite shutter to cut unwanted light.
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"Flood it"
- EC- fresnels
- Turn crank side of fixture, so lens/reflector assembly moves towards (F) the lens.
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"Soften the edges"
ellipsoidals-Source 4
Slide lens barrel forward or back to soften cut lines of pool of light.
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"Drop color"
"This fixture takes _____ color."
- Ellipsodial- Source 4
- Insert color frame with appropriate color in slot provided in the front of the fixture.
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Information provided on a Magic Sheet
- Area of stage being lit
- Angle of light
- Channel that controls the light
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Other options for Magic sheet
- Color coded
- Diagrams for patterns
- Large arrows for washes
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Preprogramming (groups)
- • Channels by function - used mainly to build cues
- • Channels by area - used mainly to modify cues
- • Groups can be programmed to control dimmers proportionately
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Preprogramming (submasters)
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Book Cues with Stage Manager and Director (Paper Tech)
- Purpose - Assign cue numbers sequentially in Stage Manager's production book.
- Personnel - lighting designer, stage manager, director
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Level Set (Dry Tech)
- Purpose - Program lighting levels for each cue in the lighting control console.
- Personnel - lighting designer, stage manager, light board operator
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Cue to Cue Without Actors
- Purpose - Practice for light board operator (particularly for difficult manual cues).
- Personnel - lighting designer, stage manager, director, light, sound, and shift crews
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Cue to Cue With Actors (Stop and Go)
- Purpose - Stage Manager calls cues, adjusting timing as necessary.
- Personnel - lighting designer, stage manager, director, cast, light, sound, and shift crews
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Tech Run
- Purpose - Run entire show with lights, sound, and scenic shifts.
- Personnel - lighting designer, stage manager, director, cast, light, sound, and shift crews
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Overhead Projectors (pros)
- Common in academic settings.
- Can project any image transferred to a plastic transparency
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Overhead Projectors (cons)
- Noisy fan.
- Images must be changed manually.
- Difficult to mask from the audience.
- Relatively dim images
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Linnebach Projectors (pros)
- Custom made projections using paint on acetate sheets of plastic.
- Color
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Linnebach Projectors (cons)
- Soft focus projections only.
- Large piece of equipment, difficult to hide at times.
- Fairly dim.
- Largely replaced by glass gobo technology.
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35mm Slide Projectors (pros)
- Projectors are inexpensive since they use outmoded technology.
- Images can be in full color.
- Eighty images per slide tray.
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35mm Slide Projection (cons)
- Limited transition features - dissolve only.
- Lamp is only 300 watts - dim by theatrical standards.
- Noisy fan and mechanical tray advancement mechanism
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Gobo (Glass, Pro)
- Easy to install in any standard ellipsoidal.
- multiple colors
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Gobo (metal, pro)
- Steel gobos are fairly inexpensive.
- Can have multiple/overlaping patterns
- Moving projections (rotators)
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Gobo (metal, cons)
- Low quality material
- few colors
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Large Format Glass Slide Projectors (pro)
- Very bright images in full color.
- Large slides for large detailed images
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Large Format Glass Slide Projectors (cons)
- Expensive.
- Large piece of equipment, takes up a great deal of back stage real estate
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Video Projectors (Pros)
- Bright image in compact appliance.
- Quiet operation.
- Projects digital images such as PowerPoint.
- Can be run from lighting console using KeyStroke technology
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Video Projectors (cons)
Expensive, but fairly common in academic setting
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Candles and other open-flame devices
are allowed in religious ceremonies and theatrical performances when
adequate safeguards have been taken, such as...
- Lighted candles should only be used by persons 15 years of age and older.
- A device should be provided to protect hands from melting wax.
- Lighted candles should not be tilted to light another candle.
- Lighted candles should be kept away from easily ignited materials.
- Particular attention should be paid to clothing that could be easily ignited.
- Persons should remain stationary with lighted candles.
- Other reasonable safeguards deemed necessary by the code official
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Fire on stage
- Visible flames in fireplace -gelled MR16s, flamed-shaped colored silk, fans
- Projections with gobo rotators
- Stylized, comical - rolling log
- Standard lighting equipment out of audience's view with random chase effect
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Storyboards (Pros)
- Quick to create (and redraw if necessary).
- Inexpensive.
- Easy to transport.
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Storyboards (cons)
- Difficult to render in color.
- Drawings can render the impossible.
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Story Boards
Black & white sketches of lighting scene by scene
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Graphics (pros)
- Easy to find.
- Photography can vividly capture realistic images.
- Paintings can demonstrate historic style.
- Easy to transport.
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Graphics (cons)
Abstract in that images are not of actual theatre space
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Graphics
Photos or paintings demonstrating lighting effects
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Light Lab (cons)
- Expensive.
- Requires a sizable amount of space.
- Difficult to transport.
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Light Lab (Pros)
- Accurate color rendering.
- Capable of demonstrating lighting transitions.
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Light Lab
Miniature lighting set-up to light scenic model and/or costume swatches
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Automated Fixture: Controllable Properties
- Intensity
- Color - dialable dichroic color wheel, or color scroller
- Distribution - iris, pattern wheel, auto shutters
- Angle - 540 degrees pan, 270 degrees tilt
- Movement - coarse and fine
- Focus - soft or sharp
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Automated Fixture: Intensity
- Incandescent - controlled by dimmers
- Enclosed arc - always on, irised out
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Automated Fixture: Color
- Scrollers - moving gel strings in front of unit
- Internal Pattern Wheel - up to 13 dichroic filters to choose from,Subtractive mixing with multiple dichroic filters
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Automated Fixture: Distribution
- Internal Iris
- Pattern Wheels - up to 13 patterns in each
- Rotating Patterns - 3 patterns
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Automated Fixture: Angle
- Size and weight dictate where fixtures can be hung
- Smaller units can be placed in more places, but have less functionality
- 540 degrees pan, 270 degrees tilt
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Automated Fixture: Movement
- Moving Mirror
- Moving Yoke-Separate motors for coarse movements and fine tuned motion control.Speed often creates more noise.
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Automated Fixture: Types
- Hubbell HX Series
- Source 4 Revolution
- Martin Mac TW-1
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Automated fixture: Control Boards
- WholeHog III
- ETC Exprssion III
- ETC Ion
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Universal lighting cable
DMX 512
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Define Conductor
- Gives up an electron easy
- copper
- Substance that have electrons move easily through it.
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Define Insulator
Substance that does not have electrons move easily through it.
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Common wire gauges
- 16 Gauge Wire: 6 amps x 120 volts = 720 watts
- 14 Gauge Wire: 15 amps x 120 volts = 1,680 watts
- 12 Gauge Wire: 20 amps x 120 volts = 2,400 watts
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Lighting areas
- Typically 6’-8’
- Not on the floor
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