Exam 2 Flashcards.txt

Cells that take up DNA through their outer membranes are called _____ cells.

Competence is influenced by _____.

The cell that receives DNA in a transformation is called the _______.

When genes are transformed together, they are ______.

The rate of cotransformation is _______ proportional to the distances between the genes which is useful for gene mapping.

Sometimes bacteria acquire DNA from eukaryotes in a process called ___________.

The process of passing passing genetic information through reproduction is called ____________.

A simple replicating structure made up of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat is called a _____.

__________ are viruses that infect bacteria, and have been used extensively for genetic studies.

Virulent phages reproduce only through the _____ cycle and always kill their host.

_________ phages can undergo either the lytic or the lysogenic cycle.

Phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome and becomes a ________.

When a bacteria lyses, the adjacent bacteria are infected which also lyse resulting in a clear patch called a _____.

If a phage containing bacterial DNA transfers genes to another bacterium, recombination may take place and produce a _______.

The rate of transduction is ___.

The rate of cotransduction is _____ proportional ot the distances between genes.

_____ transduction can only occur near an att site.

In specialized transduction, a phage called ________ can be produced resulting in either an unstable transductant or a stable transductant with a gal+ allele.

_______ used the awesome power of phage genetics to make inferences about gene structure.

The sites of different mutations in the same gene can be mapped, referred to as _______.

A _______ test indicates whether two mutations occur in the same or different genes.

A _______ is a functional gene defined by a complementation test.

_______ occurs when there is at least one wild-type copy of each gene, i.e. the mutations are in different genes.

What are the four basic types of chromosomes?

A complete set of chromosomes possessed by an organism presented as an ordered image is called a _____.

What are three types of chromosome mutations?

What are four types of chromosomes rearrangements?

When a single copy of a gene is not suf?cient to produce a wild-type phenotype, it is said to be a ______ gene.

______ inversions do not include the centromere, while ______ do.

______ genes are nonviable in both peri and paracentric inversions.

A _______ involves the movement of genetic material between nonhomologous chromosomes.

In a _______ translocation, there is a two-way exchange of segments between two chromosomes.

In a _______ translocation, two long arms of chromosomes are combined creating a large metacentric chromosome.

In homologous pairing in translocation heterozygotes, the best option is ______ segregation.

________ is an increase of a decrease in the number of individual chromosomes.

Aneuploidy in meiosis ___ (I or II) results in 2 trisomic and two monosomic zygotes.

Aneuploidy in meiosis ___ (I or II) results in 1 trisomic, 1 monosomic, and 2 normal (diploid) zygotes.

In humans, ______ results in 44 chromosomes.

In humans, monosomy results in how many chromosomes?

In humans, trisomy results in how many chromosomes?

In humans, ______ results in 48 chromosomes.

What mechanism for controlling gene dosage could account for viability of XXX females?

What creates a carrier in familial Down syndrome?

____ is the presence of more than two sets of chromosomes.

____ are 5n in chromosome number.

_____ is a type of polyploidy where chromosome sets are from a single species.

_____ is a type of polyploidy where chromosome sets are from different species.

The primary structure of DNA is the _____.

Secondary structure of DNA is the _____.

One type of tertiary structure in DNA is ______, which takes place when the DNA helix is subjected to strain by being overwound or underwound.

Supercoiling is controlled by _______, enzymes that add or remove rotations from the DNA helix.

Two types of eukaryotic chromatin are the more common one, ____, and ____, which is present near centromeres and telomeres and along X-inactivated chromosomes.

Most abundant proteins in chromatin are ____ - small, positively charge proteins of 5 major types.

____ consist of DNA wrapped about 4 pairs of histones.

A _____ consists of a nucleosome plus the ____ histone acting as a clamp.

_____ chromosomes arise when repeated rounds of DNA replication take place without cell divisions in certain tissues in Drosophila.

Acetylation occurs when enzymes called _____ attach acetyl groups to lysine amino acids on the histone tails.

Centromeric sequences Serve as binding sites for _____ proteins that provide anchor sites for spindle fibers.

____ was awarded the nobel prize for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase.

_____ are stabilizing sequences at the ends of chromosomes.

______ proteins bind to the G-rich single-stranded sequence of telomeres.

A structure called the _____ also functions in protecting the telomere from degradation.

Artificial chromosomes such as the YAC or BAC contain what there essential elements?

Sequences present at one or a few times in the genome are called ___.

Groups of related genes arising from duplication of unique-sequence DNA are called ___.

The two types of repititive DNA are called ___ and ___ DNA.

Two types of moderately repetitive DNA are called ____ and ___ .

_____ DNA sequences are sometimes called lite DNA and are often found at ___ and ___.

____ are mobile DNA sequences.

______ result from staggered cuts made in the target DNA when a transposable element is inserted.

____ are present in many TEs are recognized by enzymes that catalyze the transposition.

Terminal inverted repeats are ____ and ____ .

What are two classes/mechanisms of transposition?

What are two kinds of Class I/DNA transposons?

Class II/retrotransposons are always ____.

DNA transposons require an enzyme called ____ which is usually encoded by the TE.

In replicative transposition, two DNA molecules are joined and the TE is replicated, producing a ____.

Retrotransposons use an ____ intermediate used to reverse transcribe back into DNA.

An enzyme called ____ is usually encoded by retrotransposons.

Transposable elements were discovered in eukaryotes by _____.

Ds in maize was able to transpose nonautonomously using transposase from Ac elements. What is a possible reason Sleeping Beauty wasn't able to do this?

What are three types of TEs in bacteria?

The simplest types of transposons in bacteria are the ___ and have 1-2 genes which encode ___.

A segment of DNA flanked by insertion sequences can transpose and is called a ____.

____ transposons do not have insertion sequences.

___ found in fruit flies have both a transposase and a repressor of transposition.

What were three models of proposed DNA replication?

____ performed an experiment to determine which of three models of DNA replication applied to E. col.

____ replication of DNA takes place in circular DNA in bacteria.

_____ replication of DNA takes place in some viruses and in the F factor of E. coli.

Eukaryotic genomes require multiple ____.

The process of DNA replicaiton includes many componets including (3):

DNA synthesis always goes in the ____ direction.

Short fragments of DNA produced by discontinuous synthesis on the _____ strand are called ____.

Which mode/l of DNA replication does not have a lagging strand?