History Test set 2

Center of Reformation in the 900s

Abbot Berno made his monks follow the complete order of the rule of St. Benedict

emphasis on liturgical prayer

monks rights to elect their own Abbot

*cluny epitomized the high point of liturgical monasticism

*cluny created the first international religious orders

key to enhanced practical powers of the Pope

major force for the 11th century reform movement because it contradicted what was actually happening

Reorganized in Bologna in 1140 and called the Concordance of the Discordant Canons or Decretum

regulated all aspects of church life as well as wills, marriage, divorce, and legitimacy of children

Also contained decretals

*brought all laws and disputes back to Pope

Group of people known as the humble ones found in North Italian towns

Manual labor in cloth industry and gave away any income that they did not need to meet basic needs

refused oaths and litigation--were on the fringes of church authority

wanted to preach but church refused them

rocky relationship with church

grey area between monks and laity

*emphasized apostalic poverty and preaching

The treaty was a compromise between Pope Calixtus II and Henry V

The church had gotten out from under Lay control and Henry V's elections were no longer recognized

This created struggle that lasted for 50 years

compromise was that King would cease to investiture and canonical election took place

King could be present and investure after election

*limited rights of the lay ruler's power and gave the Pope the last say in the election

Official teaching on purgatory at the Council of Florence (1438-45) and reinforced at the council of Trent

most assumed Christians would not go to hell, but did not assume all would go to heaven

purgatory was seen as an in between place where through suffering they could settle their account

penance could be made on behalf of deceased loved ones

*The care of the dead shaped both personal piety and church organization

started by Valdes who was a rich man and abandoned all for apostolic life

wanted to preach but was uneducated and refused by the Pope

broke away from the church and continued to preach without authority

not a heretic and beliefs did not differ except on the issue of preaching

*embodied the apostolic life in a concrete and literal way creating a new form of Christianity

Appointed lower positions in the church were endowed income

included rectorship of parishes and membership in cathedral chapters

used to be chosen by bishops but precedent by precedent Popes began to choose

*gave Popes power in appointing offices

Franciscan Friars

No owned residence, no books, no extra cloths, no reserve cash

personal and group poverty

*not only abandoned possessions but also an emptying of self

secular canon (serving in rural churches, chapels of kings, etc.) who agreed to live under the rule of St. Augustine

some lived in cloistered communities while others attended to the world in teaching, missions, and serving as confessors

*led to reform that somewhat monasticized secular clergy

unofficial communities of religious women due to lack of nunneries in 1200

not bound by oath and could leave to get married

sought spiritual guidance from sympathetic priests

church suspected them of sexual disorder

*provided an outlet for female piety that more conventional convents could not meet

Heretics also known as the Albigensians that were a counter church to the Catholic church

highly organized with own diocese, clergy, ascetic, theology, and rituals

believed in dualism and that the material world (including sex) was evil

Heresy spread and persuasion couldn't stop them

* resulted in the Albigensian crusade

Abbot of Clairvaux

great preacher and debater, becoming a critic of contemporary society

made famous when in 1130 he stood up for Pope Innocent II as disputed Pope and traveled around campaigning for him

*Height of Cistercian influence

*major force in the life of the church