US History

• "Old Rich" - inherited wealth. Victorian houses. Obsession with detail. Ornamentation. French chef. Exotic fruits/nuts. French wine. Reject American "vulgar" "ordinary" things
• "Society" Group of wealthy. all white. inherited money. Families. Parties. Philanthropy. Europe.

• Coloinial
• England, German, Scottland

• Transplanted England. Ex: judicial rulings still cited Engl laws. Education.
• 48% English
• 20% African
• 14% Scots, Irish
• 7% German
• 3% Dutch

• 40s 1,700,000 Irish dominant
• 50s 2,100,000 German dominant
• 1840s Ireland horrible contions: forced migration. Potato Blight. Now racial tention Irish/Blakcs 4 jobs
• 1850s Germany good. Agriculteralits to midwest. Skilled to cities. 60% Catholic.
• Sig: racial tension. Catholic rise.

• 1880-1914
• S+E Europe
• Catholic+Jewish
• Coming to get jobs. Diversifies cities
• Leads to 1924 restrictions on immigration

• 1970+
• Quota system ends
• Mexico, Asia

• Forced immigration. longing for home
• Saloons. drinking. Racial tensions. Black racism because of job competition.
• Irish-American (2nd generation) didnt feel totally Irish or American. Pluralism set tone as model for other groups

Irish street gangs, tavern gangs. saloon keepers very powerful. Loyal to Democratic party. Dont agree with slave-freedom. Participated Civil war but not for freedom.

• Know Nothings 1854 - secretive. controlled native votes. failed.
• American Protective Association 1890s - that congress would restrict immigration
• WWI hysteria: anti-German
• KKK 1920s - "100% Americans"
• John Birch Society 1950s - Anti-foreign/communist
• George Wallace 1968 - Americanism.

• Industrial depression
• first railroads, then NY stock market, banks
• Unemployment 2.5-4 mil
• Grover Cleveland inherits
• Silver issue huge
• Left office a failure
• Republicans gain power

• Farmer's Alliance goals main stay
• Graduated income tax v. tarrif
• expanded $ supply
• gov railroads/telegraph, gov storage, gov low interest loans
• 8 hr day. no Pikerton armies v strikers. immigration restrictions. Radical reform in age of depression

• Inexperience
• Southern extremist intimidation/fraud
• No working, urban, CAtholic support
• Only world-market farmers
• Race tension/division
• Silver issue overshadowed it
• Sucked into Democratic Bryan candidate

started with William Mckinley

• stronger government
• Gov to regulate economy and social life
• Return gov to the people (regulate economy. limit corporations. Make gov more economical/efficient)

• 1904 Robert LaFollette: Wisconsin Gov. "Wisconsin idea" - replace corrupt party conventions with primaries.
• William U'Ren - Oregon gov. Women max work hrs. Power to voters - initiatives/recalls
• Hiram Johnson -"Kick Southern Pacific out of Politics"

• 1901-1909
• Assertive, strong personality
• Strong FEd gov
• Gov broker between labor and management
• 1902 - threatened Federal troops on Mine owners during strike
• Progressive

• 1908
• Anti-trust legislation
• Does his own thing. breaks from Teddy and R's
• Tariff focus alienated him. fail.

• 1912
• Nominee: Teddy Roosevelt
• Child labor; min wage for women; Women's suffrage; National health insurance
• showed strong public support for progressivism

• 1912
• Democrats
• Income tax 1913 16th ammendmen
• Federal Trade Commission 1914 - investigate unfair trade
• Federal Reserve System 1913
• Clayton Anti-trust Act 1914 - Standard Oil broken up.

• 1913
• Income tax

• Depression till end of 1870s
• 1893-99 – Major depression
• Monopolies (ex: railroad)
• Bankruptcy
• Farms hurting.

• Corrupt
• ex: grant land to railroad people and get a free pass for life

dirtiest campaign in US history. tear down tactics on both sides

• reissue paper money again
• increase inflation
• make loans easier
• failed to draw votes

• 70s Greenback Party
• 80s Grange - Lobbying group. gets some Greenback legislation but ultimately fails
• 80s Prohibition Party
• 1892 People's Party (Populists)

• buy out all trusts to own whole industry. charge whatever you want.
• Ex: JP Morgan. Banking in NY. bails out Roosevelt/gov when Roosevelt asks (teddy)

• Shame of the Cities
• 1903
• Showed so much widespread city corruption

• History of Standard Oil Company
• Rockefeller's lying/cheating

• Treason of Senate 1901
• Revealed Senate corruption
• Led to election reform

• The Jungle
• Canned meat in Chicago
• Teddy calls him to whitehouse.
• Safe Food and Drug Act FDA - regulates the safety and cleanliness of food

• journalists who dig up dirt on the rich.
• Steffens, Tarbell, Phillip etc.

• 1902ish
• Oregon Governor
• power to voters: initiatives/recall

• 1921-1923 R
• Corruption ex: bootleggers paying off administration
• Sexual scandal
• Sig: Disgruntled/divided R party. Reformists saw his administration as negative example.

• 1923-1929 R
• VP to P when Harding dies
• Stability
• Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 - "World peace" only in self defense idea

• "world peace" only in self defense idea
• Pushed by Coolidge

• 1929-1933 R
• Inherited Depression
• Small gov stand made him refuse federal aid to private relief efforts. his downfall. Republicans out...

• Higher standard of living
• Mass culture ex: movies
• Women in politics
• Roaring 20s prosperity
• ex: "Enjoy it while you pay"
• Sig: prosperity before the crash

• 1920 18th Ammendment
• Supported during WWI
• Popular support
• Wartime prohibition 1917
• "You must be german" if apposed to 1920 vote
• Fail: Gangsters, alcoholism,
• ex: Al Capon in Chicago. $105 mil a year
• Repealed 1933
• Sig: era's willingness for mass reform

• 1920
• Prohibition
• repealed 1933

• Germans attacked US ships to hurt British.
• Paris attack fails
• US gets angry

WWI ends

• Wilson 1st president to leave while in office
• becomes tradition
• poor negotiator
• gets League of Nations at high price with France/England

• Scopes Trial 1925 - evolution v. creation
• KKK 20-25 - resurgense of less intense KKK. women's rights etc.

• Causes:
• Stock Market Crash Oct 1929
• Panic in wall street
• No gov regulation
• Brokerage houses calling customers as values go down, sinks faster, people sell out their stock. collapse.
• Mass unemployment.
• High protective tariffs
• Sig: depression after prosperity. none prepared.

• 25%
• No unemployment benefits
• No social security
• no gov welfare

• 1933-1945
• "New Deal"
• first 100 days action
• FDIC - same day bank holiday, insurance, open
• NRA (National REcovery Act/Administration)
• WPA - provide work. Temporary
• PWA - infastructure. DAms. Highways.
• CCC
• Social Security 1935
• NLRA 1935

• gov has power to set prices/wages like never before.
• Tried to reboot economy

• PWA
• huge public works. not drastic immediate effect

• 1933
• Civilian Conservation Corps. $30 a day to send home to desperate relatives. Room/board provided. Successful

• 1935
• Payments for disability, aged, poor
• unemployment system
• Woudl go into effect 1940

put many on welfare and got many jobs, but still not all

• 1935
• National labor relations board
• relationshiop between unions and management. compromise

Sig: FDR's New Deal brings bigger gov powers, bigger responsibility ofr economic prosperity and social welfare. has some immediate results

• at first isolationist
• As time goes on, calls for direct action halted in isolationist Congress
• 1940 - aid England, but stay out of war
• Dfense budget increase
• Lend-Lease Act 1941

• 1941
• $7 bil to send war supplies to aid England. Roosevelt claims US to become "Arsenal of democracy"

• Yawn
• Non-interventionalist
• Depression/domestic problems key
• Ex: "To hell wiht Europe and the rest of those nations" - senator
• Ex: Neutrality Act 1935 - no US munitions sales to nations at war.

1939-1945

• March 1936
• Hitler moves army to Rhineland (land w of Rhine)
• England/France no protest
• Sig: Hitler can do what he wants

Nov 1936

• March 1938
• Annex of Austria
• Consolidating all Germany speaking people
• German takeover

• Sept 1938
• Czechs owned this mt territory since WWI
• England/France appose
• Chamberland: appeasement
• Sig: Appeasement

March 1939

• Aug 23 1939
• Secret annex treaty of Poland

• 1939 WWII
• England/France declare war on Germany
• Russia invasion of E Poland

• September 1940
• First ever peacetime draft
• Soldier's not out until 1945

• 1941
• Ideas
• Thought
• Religion
• Fear

• 1941
• Churchill and FDR
• NO more land gain
• Colonialism to be dealt with

• Dec 7 1941
• Popular support for war on Japan
• Then Italy and Germany declare war on US
• Sig: US enters WWII

• 1945
• Suddenly end war
• US top military power

• 1950-1953
• Stalin backs N Korea to distract US
• US backs S
• sig: War that proves Cold War real
• 1953 armistice

• Soviet agression (Pland/E Germany/Iran/Greece/Czech)
• US aposes but too idealistic
• Berlin
• Stalin blockades Berlin
• Germay main reason for War

• 1948-49
• Stalin blockades
• US airlifts supplies in
• Stalin backs down

• 1949
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• Links US and Brittain
• Democracies Anti Soviet
• If one attacked, all declare war on Soviet Union

• 1947
• US would supported threatened nations against Soviet attack
• Greece/Turkey

• 1947
• Sec of State George C Marshall
• Aid plan for Europe + American trade
• Soviet backlash

• 1945-1953
• Fair Deal
• Extended New Deal social welfare
• National healthcare fail
• SS expanded
• Soviet containment. Truan Doctrine

• 1953-54
• Extremist who's eventually silenced. Extreme anti-communist.
• Sig: show's strong feelings present.

• 1953-1961
• National war hero
• Interlude rather than new beginning
• Korean war, French in Vietnam, SE Asia Treaty Organization, Thailand against China

• Multi-racial army
• Black men either all black units or black soldiers/white officers
• Last segregated war
• Some barriers broken down
• ex: black veterens GI bill black middle class appears

• 1896
• "Separate but equal"

• Missouri loses and must admit student to law school
• Thurogood Marshall wittling away at sep but = doctrine

court declares these unconstitutional

• 1953+54
• Linda brown had to walk far for school
• Separate but equal declared unconstitutional

• 1953
• Supreme court judge who overturned plessy v furgeson

• non violence
• Montgomery Bus boycotts
• End of segregation
• 1963 - Birmingham, Alabama

non-violence and police brutality affect public opinion. JFK's speech to end discrimination

• 1967
• Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
• Armed defense
• Oakland and Berkeley

• 1957
• troops escort students

• 1969
• Homosexual liberation

• 1961-1963
• Peace Corps
• Bay of Pigs 1961
• Cuban Missile
• MAD theory

• 1961
• Failed CIA against Castro

1962

• 1964-1969
• "Great Society" huge expectation largely not met
• "War on Poverty" Office of Economic Opportunity OEO largely failed
• Medicare/Medicade 1965

• 1964
• Voting safeguards
• no discim in public places or employment based on race or anything

• 1960s
• Protests against table banning
• Massive sit in and strike
• Campus overturns policies interfering
• Free Speech Movement FSM
• Mario Savio

• spoke on berkely campus after Jack arrested. famous for standing on car
• 1964

FSM 1964

• 1967
• CA - baby boomers
• Acid Rock LSD music
• Sex
• Rock
• Free concerts
• LSD

• 1961-1968
• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - promised containment but did much more
• Aug 1964 supposed attacks on US ships. LBJ ups US involvement with huge congressional support
• Tet Offenseive 1968 -Public support down. LBJ's retirement
• My Lai Massacre 1968 - US massacre of 400 civilians

• Vietnam war protest
• University students take over plot for park. Regan has fense built. Students "take the park"
• Reagan calls national guard

• Ayn Rand - The Fountainhead 1943 - Objectivism. Individualism. Individuals against conformity
• Friedrich Hayck - Road to Serfdom 1944 - threas of Facism/Communism/Socialism a threat to free liberty and markets.
• William F Buckley National Review 1955+ conservative majority disorganized. used this to have conservative voice. non-religious magazine
• Conservative takeover of republican party

• 1973
• Pro Abortion. Women's right to privacy

• Women's Sufrage
• 1920

• 1981-89
• Conserative
• Deregulation
• ex: car industry safety
• Tax Reform Act 1986 - lowered taxes. simplified tax code. helped poor

• 1987
• Arms treaty
• Destruction of nukes
• Cold War ends

• E berlins cross B wall
• Cold War over

• Globalization
• World BAnk
• International Monetary Fund IMF
• -loans to 3rd world country