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Pronouns
- personal
- possessive
- demonstrative
- interrogative
- indefinite
- relative
- reflexive
- intensive
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Verbs
- a word plus another work, linking or action.
- linking, action, transitive or intransitive
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Ajectives
modify pronouns or other nouns
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Adverbs
- modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs
- usually end in -ly
- examples: also, very, rather, and too
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Prepositions
- a word cannot not be a preposition unless its in a prep phrase
- prep + noun/pronoun, if it is at the end of a sentence it is an adverb
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Conjunctions
- coordinating- (and, but, or, so, yet?
- correlative- (two words put together to make a conj.)
- subordiating - (because,if, when, sine
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Subjects
what or who the sentence is talking about
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Direct object
answers what or who after the ver
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Indirect object
- No Io without Do
- Io comes before do
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Object Complement
refers to DO- can be a noun or pronoun
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Predicate Nominative and Adjective
- a noun that refers to the subject
- a adjective that refers to the subjet
- ALL LINKED BY LINKING VERBS
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Prepositional phrases
- first word must be a prep word
- the phrase can act as a adjective, noun or pronoun
- also, the phrase can act as an adverb describing adjs, verbs, or other advs.
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Appositives
- two nouns next to each other; one renames the other
- usually set off by commas
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Participial Phrases
- the first word is formed from a verb
- the participle ends with an -ing, -en, or -ed
- the whole phrase acts like an adjective
- the phrase will be next to the noun/pronoun it is describing
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Gerunds
- the word is formed by a verb
- the whole phrase acts like a noun
- the first word ends in -ing
- the phrase is next to the noun/pronoun it is describing
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Infinitive Phrases
the first words are: to + a verb
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Adjective Clause
- first word will be a relative pronoun
- will be next to the noun/pronoun it is describing
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Adverb Clause
- First word will be a subordinating conjunction
- will describe a verb, adjective, or other adverbs
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Noun Clause
- will start with either relative pronouns or subordinating conjunctions
- will be placed next to a verb or after a preposition
- *try substituting the word it for the whole clause
- CANNOT BE TAKEN OUT OF THE SENTENCE
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Conflict
a struggle between opposing forces
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Round Character
has many qualities and traits
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Foil
a character who illuminates another character
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Epiphany
a sudden realization
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Tone
the authors attitude towards his subject
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PoV Third Person Limited
uses pronouns he/she; the reader sees the world through one characters eyes
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PoV Third Person Omniscient
the reader can see what any character thinks and feels
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PoV First Person
uses the pronoun "I"; the reader sees only what the narrator sees
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Foreshadowing
clues that suggest events to come
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Metaphor
a direct comparison of 2 unlike things
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Situational Irony
the expected outcome is different than the actual outcome
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Dramatic Irony
when the reader knows what the characters do not know
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Verbal Irony
saying on thing and meaning another
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Theme
the central idea or meaning
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Allusion
a reference to past literature or history
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Symbolism
the practice of representing things by symbols, or ofinvesting things with a symbolic meaning or character.
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