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What is Taxonomy?
The branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying organisms
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Phylogenic Relationships
Term that means true relationships between animals.
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SpeciesList the seven important taxonomic levels.
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
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Name the five kingdoms.
- Plantea
- Fungi
- Animalia
- Protista
- Monera
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What are Monera?
Bacteria and bluegreens (Cyanobacteria)
Prokaryotic
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What is a Prokaryote?
Simple cell lacking organelles
No membrane bound nucleus
DNA is a circular chromosome
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How do Monera consume food?
- Some are heterotrophic and some are autotrophic.
- ( Photosynthetic and Chemosynthetic)
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What are Protista?
Mostly single celled.
Can be photosynthetic, heterotrophic, or both.
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What are Fungi?
Multicellular and have a rigid chitinous cell wall.
Heterotrophs, decomposers. Use exoenzymes.
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What are Plantae?
Rigid cell walls (Cellulose)
Multicellular, with different cell types
Photosynthetic autotrophs
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What are Animalia?
Heterotrophic
Multicellular, with diverse cells, lacking a cell wall.
Tissues develop from embryonic layers.
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What is a cladogram?
It is a graphic representation of evolutionary relationships.
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What is Archaea?
They were first considered extremophiles, but were later found in less extreme environments.
Morphologically similar to Eubacteria
Their RNA is different from other organisms.
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What are the three domains?
Eukarya, Eubacteria, and Archaea
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Who is Carolus Linnaeus?
The father of Binomial Nomenclature.
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What is Binomial Nomenclature?
Universally recognized system of naming. Genus is capitalized. Specific epithet is in lower case.
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What does carbon readily bond with?
C, H, O, N, P, and S
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What are the four Macromolecules?
Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
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What is dehydration synthesis?
It is removing water to join to molecules together.
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What is Hydrolysis?
It is adding water to split a molecule apart.
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What is a Carbohydrate?
Simple sugars and their polymers.
They are either an Aldehide or Keytone.
C, H, O have and 1:2:1 ratio.
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What is a Disaccharide?
It is two simple sugars, linked together by a glycosidic link. (Covalent bond)
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What are Lipids?
They are hydrophobic.
Mainly hydrocarbon regions with non-polar bonds.
Includes fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.
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What are Fats?
Not polymer.
It is a carbon compound with fatty acid tails attached to it.
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What is an example of a fat?
Triacylglycerols: a glycerol and three fatty acids.
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What is a saturated fat?
It is a fat with only single bonds and has no kinks in the tail. This makes it a solid at room temperature.
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What is an unsaturated fat?
It is a fat that contains one or more double bonds. This makes a kink in the tail and it is a liquid at room temperature.
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Which has more energy, 1 gram of fat or 1 gram of carbohydrates?
Fat. It is also easy to store in animals and plants.
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What is a steroid?
It is four fused carbon rings and their functional groups. It includes cholesterol and some hormones.
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What are waxes?
They are long fatty acid chains plus rings or alcohols. They are water proof and are used in many structures.
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What are proteins used for?
Support, Storage, Transport, Stimulation hormones, Movement, Defense, and Enzymes.
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How many proteins are there?
The book says twenty but there are more.
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What do R groups determine?
They determine properties of the amino acids.
Example: polar and nonpolar. Positive or negative charge. Acid or Base.
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