What source located in the x-ray tube supplies enough electrons to generate x-rays?
Cathode (negative)
What source in the x-ray tube head converts electrons into x-ray photons?
anode
When you increase the source to film distance, your film appears what?
lighter
When kVp or mA settings are increased, the resultant film exhibits what in density?
an increased
With a high kVp setting ________ contrast results
low
tests designed to identify minor malfunctions including mechanical output variations, inadequate collimation, tube head drift, timing errors, and inaccurate kVp and mA readings are most likely testing the accuracy for what?
x-ray machine
How many millimeters should be seen beyond the root apices of a periapical radiograph?
2-3 mm
What modifications are used to accommodate a person with a shallow palate?
2 cotton rolls
vertical angle < 20
With adequate fixer solution, how fast will the film clear in the film clearing test?
2 minutes
what level of disinfectant is used to clean the dental unit?
intermediate
The pt's _______ _______ is used to stabilize the film when taking a maxillary left PA
Right thumb
forceps, scalpels, bone chisels, scalers, and surgical burs are examples of what type of instrument?
critical
Where should the front edge of the film be aligned for a premolar bitewing?
center of mandibular canine
what technique error occurs when vertical angulation is insufficient?
elongation
true or false. The guidelines for prescribing dental radiographs state the recommendations do not need to be changed because of pregnancy
true
Dental x-ray machines operating at or below 70 kVp require a minimum total of________mm aluminum filtration; and machines operating at or above 70 kVp require a minimum total of ________ mm aluminum filtration
1.5 mm
2.5 mm
What combination of PID length and collimator shape will reduce radiation exposure the most?
16 inch, rectangular
term for the amount of radiation accumulated in the lifetime of an occupationally exposed person that they must not exceed
maximum accumulated dose MAD
The smaller the focal spot area, the _________ the image appears
sharper
Slower films contain________crystals that _________ image sharpness.
smaller
improve
The restrainer in the developer stops the development of both unexposed and exposed crystals, it is most effective in stopping the development of _____________
unexposed crystals
What is the optimum temperature for the development of x-rays?
68*
The collimator in a panoramic macnine is a __________ ________ ________
narrow vertical slit
What cannot be changed for a panoramic x-ray?
exposure time
What radiograph is useful for pts with limited jaw openings due to a fracture or swelling?
lateral jaw
The purpose of the ______ film is to evaluate the superior surface of the condyle and articular eminence
transcranial
What is one of the most important functions of the intensifying screens?
reduce exposure time
What type of occlusal film locates foreign bodies or salivary stones in the floor of the mouth?
cross sectional
What degree is the central ray of the PID directed at the center of the film for the maxillary topographic film?
+65
What type of x-ray unit is used for most digital radiography systems?
conventional
What type of imaging has a reusable imaging plate coated with phosphors?
storage phosphor
What occurs as a direct function of dose and does not have a dose threshhold?
stochastic effects
What theory suggests that free radicals combine to form toxins?
indirect
Hair loss, erythema, decreased fertility and cataract formation result from what type of radiation effect?
nonstochastic
The _________ is a way of measuring radiation exposure by determining the amount of ionization that occur in the air
roentgen
true or false. the amount of radiation used in the dental radiography is small, so biologic damage does not occur.
