Fall Exam 2

• Early man = nomadic (moves around) lifestyle
• Neolithic Revolution: when people learn how to farm and become sedentary (live in one area)
• Eight features of civilization:
• 1. cities 2. job specialization 3. public works 4. writing 5. religion 6. art and architecture 7. well-organized government and 8. social classes
• Cities built on rivers
• FOUR MAJOR ANCIENT CIVS

Political, Economic, Religion, Social, Innovations, Art & Architecture, Near

• P: Pharaohs that rule (Have “divine right” and are Gods); broken into three kingdoms: Old, Middle, and New.
• E: agriculture, trading center (easy to reach)
• R: polytheistic
• S: see pyramid
• I: geometry, calendar, and medicine, and writing (hieroglyphics)
• A: pyramids
• N: NILE RIVER

• P: Hammurabi; the great cities of Sumer and Babylon
• E: agriculture
• R: polytheistic – Epic of Gilgamesh comes from this period (story of a flood)
• S: Priests – upperMerchants – MiddlePeasants – Lower
• women considered inferior
• I: wheel, sail, plow, and cuneiform (writing, meaning wedge-shaped). Hammurabi’s Code
• A: cuneiform and the Epic of Gilgamesh N: TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVERS
• Modern day Iraq
• No natural barriers, so overtaken a lot

• P: 1st Mauryan emperor--Chandragupta. Buddhist Mauryan emperor—Asoka
• E: building of roads and harbors to facilitate trade
• R: Hinduism: based on Aryan beliefs Buddhism started here and spread to China
• S: caste system
• I: decimal system & Arabic numerals, city planning, plumbing, & brick cities
• A: Buddhist shrines—stupa & Asoka’s Edicts
• N: INDUS RIVER; Ganges river, Hindu Kush and Himalayas

• P: Qin emperor—Shi Huangdi & Han emperor—Gao Zu (DYNASTIC CIRCLE)
• E: Han expanded trade.(Beginning of silk road)
• R: Confucianism, Legalism, and Taoism
• S: based on Confucius’ filial piety and 5 relationships
• I: Legalism – harshDaoism – Yin & Yangacupuncture & wood-pulp paper
• A: Calligraphy
• N: Most isolated early civ. YELLOW AND YANGZI RIVERS

a group of states or territories controlled by one ruler

• Iron workers
• First libraries in Nineveh
• Structured law code

• City-states around the Mediterranean
• Sea-faring traders
• Early alphabet (ours is based off of it)
• Traded purple dye and glass

• Govt. divided into provinces each governed by satrap
• practiced tolerance towards others religions, set up a series of common laws and common currency.
• Religion – Zoroasterism believed to have influenced Judaism & Christianity

• Tracing the migration of the African people based on language – of which Bantu is the root of
• Prosperous because of trading gold and salt!

• Founded by Abraham (from Ur – Mesopotamia)
• Hebrews – from Israel
• Covenant – deal with God
• Moses – takes people out of Egypt back to Israel
• Holy city – Jerusalem, where Solomon built his temple

• Trace themselves back to Abraham
• Jesus – Palestinian Jew who claims to be the Messiah – save the Jewish people
• Jesus believed in one God and accepted the Jewish prophets and Ten Commandments
• Jesus called for justice, morality, forgiveness, and charity for others
• Paul – Christian persecutor, sees Jesus, Wrote part of the New Testament (outline of Christian beliefs)

• Trace themselves back to Abraham
• Muhammad: prophet who hears the teachings of Allah (God) and writes them in the Quran
• 5 Pillars: 1. prayer 2. hajj: trip to Mecca 3. charity 4. fast during Ramadan 5. declaration of faith
• Holy cities: Jerusalem and Mecca
• Spread rapidly because of Muslims taking over areas in the Middle East, Africa, and Europe

• 3500 year old tradition that originated in India as a combination of ancient and Vedic traditions
• Polytheistic, but all deities leading to the Brahman, or world soul.
• Belief in reincarnation, rebirth of a soul until moksha is achieved (release).
• Rebirth is affected by karma (one’s good and bad deeds) and dharma (religious duties).
• Caste system

• Siddhartha Gautama: The founder of Buddhism. He went on a quest to search for religious truth and an end to suffering. After wandering for 6 years, he found enlightenment. He became known as the Buddha, or “enlightened one”.
• Four Noble Truths:
• 1. Everything in life is suffering and sorrow.
• 2. The cause of all suffering is desire.
• 3. To end suffer, you must end desire.
• 4. To overcome desire, you must follow the Eightfold Path.

Christians and Muslims both claiming Jerusalem; Four in all; trade increases, religious tension increases, Pope’s power decreases, Kings’ power increases

posted 95 theses against the indulgences being sold by the Catholic Church; started the Reformation

believed in predestination (God saves/doesn’t save before birth)

split from the Catholic Church and made the Church of England when he couldn’t get his marriage annulled

Henry’s son, Protestant

“Bloody Mary”, Henry’s daughter, SUPER Catholic

created compromise between the Protestants and the Catholics in England

started the Jesuits

started the Catholic/counter-reformation

can purchase to limit one’s time spent in purgatory

stops the fighting in Germany between Lutheran and Catholic princes

• The long term causes of the 30 Years’ War are the Peace of Augsburg, the Protestant Union/Catholic League, people in HRE/Austria disliking the Hapsburg and the other European powers wanting to check the power of the Hapsburgs. Short term cause is the Defenestration of Prague
• France the clear winner, Spain and Austria the clear losers, Germany left divided into states with independent princes, Final split between the Protestants and the Catholics, Huge amounts of damage to Germany’s land, industry, and population.

• Early civilization of traders on Crete
• Legend of the Minator
• No one knows what happened to their civilization

• Dominated the Aegean sea on both mainland Greece and eventually Crete
• Iliad and the Odyssey
• TROJAN WAR

• Strongest navy
• Democracy – all the citizens (adult free males) vote
• Valued education through formal discussion, valued beauty and art
• Women’s rights limited

• Strongest army
• Oligarchy with 2 “kings”
• Military service EXTREMELY important and expected
• Women = much more freedom

Wars b/w Athens and Sparta, Sparta WINS!

(city-state) fundamental political unit of Ancient Greece

rule by kings or monarchs

rule by landowning families

rule by a few powerful people

Tyrant gains control of government by appeal to poor and discontented for support

rule by citizens either directly or indirectly through representatives

leader during Athens’ Golden Age

invented the lever and pulley

Pythagorean theorem, for right triangles

earth is round

question and answer approach, taught Plato

idea of a philosopher-king in The Republic

student of Plato; taught Alexander the Great

prince from Macedonia who conquered Greece, the Persian empire, and into India. Started the Hellenistic Age.

Roman Republic is formed, only patricians can vote

Rome’s plebeians petition for the city’s first written laws

Julius Caesar is assassinated by the Senate.

Octavian Augustus rises as Rome’s first official emperor.

Jesus is born in Roman-controlled Bethlehem.

Emperor Marcus Aurelius’s

Emperor Hadrian

Emperor Diocletian divides the empire into two parts—East and West.

Emperor Constantine

after years of decline, Odoacer (leader of Germanic invaders) ousts the final emperor of Rome.

• Military (weak legions, mercenaries, Germanic invasions)
• Social (bread and circuses, bad upper class, no values)
• Economic (heavy taxes, decreasing population)
• Political (corruption, oppressive gov’t, splitting the Empire into two)

• Government – republic, trail before peers, innocent until proven guilty
• Christianity
• Roads and architecture

• Eastern continuation of the Roman Empire
• Capital: Byzantium/Constantinople
• Reason for the Crusades – being invaded by Muslims
• Justinian: Byzantine Emperor
• Justinian’s Code: written compilation of the laws of the Byzantine Empire

war between France and England over English territory in France and the French crown; inventions of the longbow and cannon, French win

killed 1/3 of the population, helped end feudalism

3 Popes in all, one in France and two in Italy; makes the papacy (office of the Pope) look v. bad!

only thing that unified Europe during the Middle Ages; power slowly DECREASED

called for the Crusades

signed the Magna Carta in 1215 which made the King of England follow the laws and gave more rights to English people

Duke of Normandy (Normandy – on the coast of France) who invaded and took over England in 1066

Frankish king who unified much of Europe; named first Holy Roman Emperor

Political system of governing & landholding based on mutual obligations

Economic arrangement based on mutual obligations between a lord & his serfs

Emperor à Shogun (supreme military commander) à Daimyo (warrior lords) à Samurai (warriors) à peasants (NO WEAPONS)

way of the warrior

centralized feudalism in Japan

Hapsburg ruler of both Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Signed the Peace of Augsburg

Catholic son of Charles V; ruled Spain; his armada (navy) lost to the English (under Elizabeth); patron of Spain’s golden age

French ruler who converted to Catholicism to keep France together. Issued the Edict of Nantes

Absolute ruler of France who revoked the Edict of Nantes, spent tons of money on his palace at Versailles and was known as the “sun king”

Stewart king of England who is forced to sign the Petition of Rights; dismantles Parliament; challenged by the Roundheads under Cromwell during the English Civil War; eventually tried for treason and executed by Parliament.

Leader of the Roundheads against Charles I during the English Civil War. After Charles had been beheaded, Cromwell was the Puritan leader of the Commonwealth of England.

part of the “Restoration” of the English monarchy

William and Mary’s rise to the throne was called the “Glorious Revolution”. forced to sign the English Bill of Rights, making England a constitutional monarchy.

Forces changes in Russia in order to make them more modern like Western Europe

Continued Peter the Great’s reforms, portioned Poland along with Austria and Prussia

All people are naturally cruel, selfish, and greedy. Social contract – where they give up the state of nature for an organized society

Claimed that men were born with natural rights – life, liberty, and property. If the government fails to secure these rights, then the people should overthrow the government

Wrote Candide. Defended the freedom of speech. Said democracy was a bad form of government and a good monarch was a good form.

Proponent of separation of powers and checks and balances within the government

People are naturally good and society corrupts them

Wrote the Encyclopedia

Woman who said that women should not be completely dependent on their husbands. Fought for equal education for girls and boys

argued that the free market should be allowed to regulate business activity. He was a strong supporter of laissez faire. Wrote Wealth of Nations