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6 Kingdoms Covered in Lecture
- 1. Monera- Bacteria
- 2. Protista- Algae
- 3. Plantae
- 4. Fungi- Mushrooms
- 5. Animalia
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Sequence of classification from kingdom down to species level
Kingdom, Phyllum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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Binomial system of nomenclature
- Classification- system of naming is called binomial nomenclature
- *binomial name: species
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Proper way to write a scientific name
- Canabis sativa
- *C: genes
- *s: species
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Common names for 5 phylla of kingdom protista and important uses or effects each has for humans
- 1. CHLOROPHYTA: Green Algae
- - chlorophyll a and b
- - ancestor of true plants
- - unicellular
- - multicellular-sea lettuce
- - Fresh or salt water
- 2. CHROMOPHYTA: Yellow Green
- -Diatoms:
- -Single celled
- -Photosynthetic
- -Silica cell wall
- -chlorophyll a and c
- -Diatomaceus Earth
- -Water Filteration
- -Brown Algae
- -Phaeophycae
- -Chlorophyll a and c
- -Algin- gelatinous starch
- -Alginates used in food and other products
- (thinkeners)
- 3. DINOPHYTA: Dinoflagellates
- -single cells-with a whip like flagella
- -photosythetic- chlorophylls a and c
- -causing Red Tides and ciguatera
- 4. RHODOPHYTA: Red Algae
- -Macro Algae
- -Photosynthetic- chlorophyll a and d
- -Agar Food Reserve - biomedical research
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Which protista phyla is most closely related to land plants?
Chlorophyta
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Basic structure of a macro-algae
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Alternation of generations
- Sporophyte-diploid phase->
- Meiosis->
- Spores-> haploid phase->
- Gametophyte->
- Gametes-male and female->
- fuse {fertilization}- zygote->
- diploid-> =
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Why bryophytes are in the kingdom plantae?
- Bryophytes "mosses" are in the primitive group
- -no vascular system
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What phyla do liverworts and mosses belong?
- Bryophytes
- Liverwort- hepaticaphyta
- Bryophyta- mosses
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Part of a moss that is a gametophyte and part that is a sporophyte
- Gametophyte- main body
- Sporophyte- attached to the gametophyte
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What sporophytes produce, what gametophytes produce?
- Sporophytes- spores
- Gametophytes-
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Lower vascular plants: know Some members of the Psilotophyta, Lycophyta, and Equisetophyta
- Psilotophyla- Psilotum -Moa (wiskbroom)
- Lycopodiophyla- Lycopodia -waewaeiole (club moss)
- selaginella- spike moss
- Equisetophyla- Horsetail ferns/ scouring rushes
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Which LVP is most primitive and why?
Moa- sporangia, first plant to have a vascular system
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Features that separate LVPs from Bryophytes
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1
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Unique features of the phylum Polypodiophyta
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1
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Life cycle of a fern: sporophyte, sori, spores, gametophyte, archegonium, antheridium, gametes and zygote
see notes
1
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How is a seed more advantageous than spores for life on dry land?
seeds can go dormant
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Major differences between ferns and gymnosperms
?
1
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Familiar with members in the 4 phyla discussed in lecture?
- 1. Pinophyta: Redwoods
- 2. Ginkophyta: Maiden hair tree
- 3. Cycodophyta: cycads
- 4: Gnetophyta: Mormon tea (Ephredra)
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Life cycle of a pine tree: sporophyte, male and female cones, gametophyte, gametes (sperm and egg), zygote
see notes
1
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Economic importance of several Gymnosperms as discussed in class.
- Pinophyta- turpintine- paint thinner, Rosin- wax
- wood, paper, -Pine nuts, pesto, violines onther in struments Amber Fossilized Resin
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Features that Gymnosperms and Angiosperms have in common.
seed bearing
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Features that are unique to Angiosperms
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1
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Basic structure of a flower
see notes
1
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Life cycle of a typical Angiosperms. Pistil, ovules, stamen, pollen, stigma, pollen tube nucleus, double fertilization, embryo, endosperm, seed code.
see notes
1
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Difference between pollination and fertilization
Pollination: when pollen reaches stigma
Fertilization: when sperm fuses with eggs
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Why flowers produce nectar.
flower provides an incentive "nectar" for pollinator
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Definition of a fruit; superior vs inferior ovarles
Superior: when ovary is above petals and sepals
Inferior: Below sepals and petals
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Benefit of having a fleshy fruit and ways that seeds are dispersed.
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5 main times of fleshy fruits as discussed in class
- Berry- Banana
- Aggragate- Raspberries
- Pome- Apple
- Multiple- Pineapple
- Specialized Berries- Pepo- gourds, watermelon, pumpkins
- -Hesperidium-citrus
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3 types of dry dehiscent fruits and 3 types of dry indehiscent fruits
- 3 Types of dry DEHISCENT fruits: splits at maturity
- - Legume-*splits on 2 sides* Pea Pod, Koa, Albizia
- -Follicle- *splits along one side* milkweed, african tulip, achiote
- -Capsule- *splits along 2 or more sides* Autograph tree, Mahgbany
- 3 types of dry INDEHISCENT fruits:-Achene- sunflower seed
- -Carypis- grass fruit exp. rice, wheat, corn
- -Nut- Acorns, Filberts, chestnuts, Hard Periderm covering seed
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Know origins of economically important plants as dicussed in lecture
- North America: Sunflowers, tobacco
- Central America and South America: pumpkins, corn, beans, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, potatoes, chili peppers, pineapple, papaya, guava, vanilla, avocados, ALL spice, quinoa, peanuts, coca leaves, peyote
- Africa: sweet melons, yams, sorghum, millet, coffee, col nut, okra, miracle berry
- Near East: Barley, wheat, peas, lentils, chickpeas, asperagus, beets, carrots, olives, garlic, stone fruit, cherries, apricot, broccoli, lettuce, cabbage, parsely, pistachio, flax, opium, apples, pears
- China: Peaches, persimmons, lychee, soybeans, mustard green, buckwheat, ginger, gingseng, tea, cucumbers, horse raddish
- South East Asia: Rice, taro, sugar cane, mango, citrus, bananas, coconut, bread fruit, clothes, nutmeg, black pepper, mung beans, sesame seeds, cinnamon, cloves, mulberry, pakalolo, betel nut, kava
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Definitions of ecology, population, community and ecosystem
1. Ecology: the interaction of plans and animals(Biotic) with each other with their physical environment (Abiotic)
2. Population: a group of individuals of the species level same species in a given area ex: all sliver swords on Mauna Loa
- 3. Community: ALL species in a given area
- -whole biotic community
- -plant community
- -birds community
- -insects community
4. Ecosystem: system of interacting organisms with their physical environment
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Components of food web: producers, primary and secondary consumers, scavengers and decomposers
1.Tertiary Consumers: Animals that eat secondary consumers
2. Secondary Consumers: Animals that eat herbivores "carnivores"
3. Primary Consumers: Herbivores
4. Producers: Plants, Photosynthetic algae/ bacteria
- *Decomposers: scavengers, fungi, bacteria- Detrivores- worms
- -breakdown dead organisms and waste products
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Sucession of communities, primary succession and secondary succession
- Succession of communities:
- -Colonization of an area by the biotic community after disturbance or new land formation
- Primary:
- - colonization where no life existed before
- -volcano- lava flows
- -landslides- exposing new rock (substrate)
- -land uncovered by glacial retreat
- Secondary:
- -Re-colonization after disturbance
- -Fires, storms, tsunamis, human disturbance
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Pioneer plants vs late growth plants
- Pioneer Plants:
- -Air dispersed seeds or spores (small seeds)
- -Produce many seeds/spores
- -Short lived/ fast growing
- -shade intolerant "like light"
- Climax Species "late succession":
- -larger seeds
- -animal pollinated
- -Animal seed dispersal
- -Shade tolerant
- -Slow growing
- -Long lived
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What is mycology?
study of fungi
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Features of the Kingdom FUNGI- what mushroom cell walls are made of
- -Cell walls made of CHITIN
- -body or thallus is formed by hyphae- tubular threads may or may not have cell walls
- -mass of hyphae is a mycelium typically lives in soil, rotting veggies
- -Decomposition- major ecological role
- -Reproduction separate haploid and diploid phases
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Important economic members of the Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidomycota, and Deuteromycota
Zygomycota- bread molds, no cell walls, (zygote) Diploid is short lived
Ascomycota- sac fungi- yeasts- Brewing and baking, delicacy mushrooms- truffles/ morrel, mildew, ergot
Basidomycota- club fungi, mushrooms edible, toadstools- poisonous, puffballs, earth stars, shelf or ear fungus (pepeiao), smut
Deutereomycota- fungi imperfect- life cycle not known, Penicillium- antibiotic, blue cheese
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Importance of isolation and the unique plants of the Hawaiian archipelago
- -Ground dwelling birds (large)
- -Huge plants
- -Loss of dispersal ability
- -Woodiness
- -Unusual breeding systems
- -Hybridization in species formation
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Examples of adaptive radiation from one ancestor: Silverswords, Lobiliods, Honey creeper birds, Picture Wing Flies, Happy Face Spiders, snails
- -Sliverswords
- -Honey creeper
- -happy face spider
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Why the Hawaiian flora is so endangered?
- -small population
- -not adapted
- -plants are specialized
- - human disturbance
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