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Does biology require any "new" chemistry?
No, but primarily uses C, H, O, N, and (P,S)
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What are the 4 major classes of macromolecules?
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
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What are polymers?
Long chains of repeating subunits
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How does polymers assembled?
- Using the same same simple chemistry
- Dehydration - removal of water
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What is the function of carbohydrates?
energy stroage and structural molecules
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How are carbohydrates divided?
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What are polysaccharides?
complex carbohydrates
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How is polymers form?
glucose monomer
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starch
made by plants, energy storage
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glycogen
made by animals, energy storage
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what is the equivalent of starch
glycogen
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cellulose
made by plants, structrual (cell wall)
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What are the polymers of glucose?
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how are starch & glycogen similar?
- both are branched chains
- have similar bonds holding glucose together
- means similar enzymes can degrade both
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What is the nucleic acids made of?
consists of polymers made of nucleotide monomers
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What consists of nucleotides?
- ribose sugar
- phosphate group (PO4-)
- nitrogen-containing base
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What are proteins made of?
polymers made up of amino acid monomers
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how is pH measure?
pH = -log[H+]
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What does amino acid have?
- amino group (NH2)
- carboxylic acid (COOH)
- Hydrogen (H)
- R group: what makes each unique (20 different)
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What are the 4 levels of proteins?
- Primary: sequence of amno acids
- Secondary: regulate folding of backbone
- tertiary: the 3-D structure of 1 chain
- Quanternary: the arrangement of more than 1 chain
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signal tranduction
- cell receives external "message" and converts it inot an interanl signal
- first messenge binds to receptor
- second messanger product of chemical reaction
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How can protein structure stabilize?
- Secondary: H-bonds along peptide backbone
- Tertiary/Quaternary
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How can proteins be natured (lose 3-D) structure?
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Why does treatment of heat and change of pH level destroy protein structure?
- Change ion of protein, change structure
- Heat will disrupt a varity of weak bonds
- pH can change ioinization of acds/bases
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Define hydrophillic
- water loving
- polar or charged
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Lipids
fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chain with COOH
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Hydrocarbon chain = hydrophobic?
yes!!!
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What is triglyceride?
- 3 fatty acids linked to glycerol
- In animals fats (solid at toom temp)
- In plants oils (liquid at room temp)
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Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated
- saturated (saturated with H) means no C=C (Fats)
- unsaturated (fewer H's) means contains C=C (Oils)
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Why are saturated fats solid at room temp?
they pack well
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What is hydrogenation?
- makes oil solid at room temp
- produces partially hydrogenated trans fat
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What are phospholipids?
Triglyceride with phosphate (PO4-) replacing 1 fatty acid
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What is amphipathic
- both hydrophobic and hydrophillic
- has a hydrophobic end: the fatty acids
- has a hydrophillic end: the PO4-
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What is the cell theory?
- 1. All lving things are made of one or more cells
- 2. The cell is the fundamental unit of life
- 3. All cells come from pre-exisitng cells
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What are the common features of a cell?
- Plasma membrane: barier that defines cell contents
- Inofrmation molecules: DNA and RNA
- Ribosomes: structures that make proteins
- Some cells have functional substructure: organelles
- Fluid within the cell is called cytoplasm
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What is plasma membrane
- complex structure that regulate internal contents
- Basic structure is phospholipid bylayer
- many proteins associated with the membrane
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Eukaryotic cell
have membrane bounded nucleus (DNA)
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Prokaryotic
no membrane bounded nucleus (DNA)
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Bacteria
- Lack membrance nucleus
- Do not have genetic material concentrated in nucleid
- Have cell wall made of peptidoglyco
- Have relatively simple internal structure
- Divde by binary fission
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Archaea
- Have different membrane lipids
- Phosphate/fatty connection is differnt
- some aspect of cell physiology more like Eukaryotes
- Often found in extreme, harsh environments
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Eukarya
- membrane bounded nucleus
- complex internal structure with internal membranes
- DNA packaged into linear chromosomes
- divide by Mitosis
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What are the major organelles of the cell?
- Nucleus
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi
- Mitochondria
- Cytoskelton
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Describe structure of the nucleus
- double membrane (2 phospholipid bilayers)
- contiguous with internal membrane system (ER)
- Nuclear pores allow communication with cytoplasm
- Nucleolus is site of ribosomje assembly
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What is the function of the nucleus?
- Contains genetic infromation
- Chromatic organized into Chromosomes (DNA)
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What is Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
inner network of membrane
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What is smooth ER (SER)
- move tubular in structure
- Site of membrane/lipid synthesis
- Detoxification
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Rough ER (RER)
- More flattened sheets in structure
- Site of protein synthesis (ribosomes)
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Golgi Apparatus structure?
- Structually separated form ER
- compose of series of flattened sacs
- Has Cis face (receiving end)
- Has Trans face (Export end)
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Golgi Apparatus function?
- connected to ER
- receives vesicles from ER
- Modifies and packages proteins
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Mitochondria Structure?
- two membranes: inner and outer
- Outer surrounds organelle
- Inner is folded and critical for function
- stacks of internal membrane are called cristae
- Fluid in the interior is called matrix
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Mitochondria in eukaryotes?
- Major site of eneryg metabolism
- Cellular respiration requires mitochondria
- Site of oxidative phosphorylation
- Have DNA and ribosmes: were one free living bacteria
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Describe Cytoskelton
- Interior skelton that supports cell structure
- Dynamic structure can change with cell needs
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What are the 3 proteins of Cytoskeleton
- Microtubules: Cynlinders to tubulin subunits
- Microfilaments: small fibers; little twisted wires
- Intermediate filaments: long fibers
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Functional Organization: Folow the production of milk
- Into to make proteins in nucleus
- DNA --> mRNA in nucleus
- mRNA is used to make protein in RER
- Protein packaged into vesicle
- Lipids in milk made in SER
- Vesicle move to Golgi
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