POLSC 333 Final

• Waltz (86) - States are not and never have been the onlyinternational actors. But then structures are dened not by allthe actors that ourish within them but by the major ones.
• Meta-theory - Realism, to some extent Liberalism

Regular interactions across nationalboundaries when at least one actor is a non-state agent ordoes not operate on behalf of a national government or anintergovernmental organization

Transnational Relations

• Multinational Corporations
• Drug cartels, terrorists, arms traders, money launderer, humantracker, etc (un-civil society)
• Non-Governmental Organizations, INGOs, and other advocacyactors (civil society)

• In contrast to states, non-state actors lack sovereign control over population and territory
• In contrast to IGOs, NGOs and other non-state actors are not created by states. They are created by private citizens with the exception: GONGOs - government owned (or organized) NGOs- sometimes designed by government to get money to developing country, spread own ideas

• Multinational corporations- market authority
• Non-governmental organizations and advocacy actors- moral authority (some put terrorists in this category)
• Drug cartels, terrorists, arms traders- violent authority

nonprofit, open membership organization that is not connected to any government and active in at least 3 states

Any right protected in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN); focus on basic political,civil, economic, social, and cultural rights

Terrorism is decreasing

• Universal- birthright of all humans- not granted by state
• Focus on inherent dignity and equal worth of all humans
• Are equal, indivisible and interdependent
• Have been internationally guaranteed and are legally protected
• Provide a means to ensure accountability, including non-government actors

• US has not signed on Rights of the Child
• Ratifying a human rights treaty doesn’t increase human rights practices

• Certain rights can be taken away during time of emergency which makes them derogable
• Non- derogable rights:
• 1. Right to life
• 2. Right of freedom from torture and other inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment
• 3. Right to be free from slavery or servitude
• 4. Right to be free from retroactive application of penal

• The adding on of rights
• Political and civil rights- economic – social and cultural rights- solidarity (environment) rights

• Incapacity: usually for economic, social and cultural rights
• Can lack capacity to control political agents
• Fits the political strategy of leaders
• Is “best response” for perceived threats to national security
• Most often case for political and civil rights- torture, political imprisonment, killing, forced disappearance

• States try to repress population to prevent protests
• Protests- challenges to a regime- dissent at international or domestic level
• Protests violent or non violent

• 1. Dictatorships and unstable democracies
• More murder in the middle
• In dictatorships: when there are multiparties
• 2. Lower GDP per capita
• 3. International and civil war
• Civil war typically has greatest effect

• 1. Sincere Ratifiers: States that sign because they feel it reflects political preferences of majority of citizens
• 2. False negatives: States that protect right but don’t sign treaties
• Common law: law through courts and court decisions
• 3. False positive: States that sign treaties but don’t protect rights
• 1. Social camaflouge- less criticism
• 2. Strategic manipulation- want to manipulate how treaty is interpreted
• 3. Immediate gratification- want to make a tactical concession

• 1. When states have lots of INGOs active in borders
• 2. When not politically unstable
• o Dictatorships with multiple political parties most likely to sign

• Most are not carried out by religious groups
• Religious groups are more deadly
• Targets are diplomatic facilities and businesses

• 1. The strategies are rational
• 2. People choose to become terrorists to advance personal goals
• 3. Sometimes even random choice of targets is part of a strategy

• Terrorist networks rarely have sovereignty
• o Weak related to targets (states)
• o Weak relative to their demands
• Terrorism is extreme form of asymmetrical warfare
• o Can’t tax resort to criminal activities
• o Wouldn’t win against a state’s army

• Politically weak relative to demands they make
• Extremists have interests on the far side
• Typically face much larger majority that doesn't share beliefs
• Difficult for extremists to convince others to share their views

• Terrorists adopt certain organizational forms that make defeating them difficult
• Unlike networks of civil society organizations, terrorists form networks of small, self- contained “cells”
• Terrorist groups are extremely sensitive to defection, which threatens to reveal information about members, supporters, strategies, etc
• Religious organizations that have solved the defection problem have a “comparative advantage” in terrorism if they are violent

• 1. Part of cluster effect, not isolated or random
• 2. Suicide terrorism mostly against democracy to make concessions to national self- determination
• Terrorist goals/ withdrawal of troops
• 3. Terrorists have learned that it pays- groups get concessions
• 4. “moderate” suicide terrorism pays most
• Little casualties for little concessions
• Goals typically not national wealth and security
• 5. Reduce suicide attacks by lower successfulness in attack
• Reduce confidence

• 1. Coercion
• group attacks to make demands more credible
• Target uncertain of groups capabilities or resolve
• Attacks in form of costly signaling
• Actual attacks serve only to make credible threat of future violence
• Induces policy change by imposing costs on
• target
• Use fear to motivate individuals to put pressure
• on their governments

• Best response:
• 1. Concessions ( rarely admitted but frequently
• pursued)
• 2. Retaliation- precisely targeted
• 3. Harden targets
• 4. Dry weapons- nuke and chemicals
• 5. Minimize psychological costs of terrorism and tendency people have to over react

• 2. Provocation
• Home society or state is uncertain about preferences of target
• Terrorists attacks target cannot identify terrorist precisely, collateral damage to home
• Home “up dates” its beliefs about target’s
• preferences
• § It really is evil

• Best response:
• 1. As little collateral damage as possible
• § Isolate terrorists from sympathizers or potential sympathizers
• Demands intelligence and language

• 3. Spoiling
• Home and target try to negotiate
• § Terrorists wants to hold out for better terms
• Target is uncertain about home’s ability to desire to honor agreement and restrain extremists
• Terrorists attack, and target updates its beliefs that home cannot control terrorists
• Target more likely to reject agreement/ change policy, thinks home is not credible
• Best response:
• Have 3rd parties during negotiations
• Have mediators
• Strategies that build trust

• 4. Outbidding
• Terrorist group may attack target simply to increase support for group within home population
• When two or more terrorist groups compete for support, a group may try to “outbid” the other; the group hopes to demonstrate its superior leadership and devotion
• Best response:
• Encourages groups to consolidate
• § But can be a stronger terrorist group overall
• Grant concessions to non violent group

• If counterterrorism is on whole population and not sub segment, home population loses faith in targeted government and forces
• “economic externalities” as a result of counterterrorism- counterterrorism hurts the economy, making more violence less costly
• Crackdowns produce better terrorists

• Northern Based NGOs: based on industrial democracies
• Southern Based NGOs: based on a developing country, usually thought of as not a consolidated democracy
• Though of domestic and regional
• Number of domestic NGOs are rising more faster
• NNGOs still receive more money and attention
• Most SNNGOs receive money from donor agencies or from NNGOs who contract with them to carry out projects
• Evidence of western bias and paternalistic relationships

• 1. Actors attempt to convince an important population to accepts and embrace their belief
• 2. The norm becomes a near universal standard of behavior
• o B/4 internalized, norms are enforced by moral disapproval of others or by sanctions
• 3. Norm is internalized

• Domestic NGOs in one state activate transnational linkages to bring pressure from other states to bear on their own government
• Pressure from population below and from international states above
• o International pressure- shaming

• Non-excludable: if good is available for one actor to consume, then other actors can’t be prevented from consuming it
• Non-rival: one actor’s consumption of goods doesn't diminish quantity available for others to consume as well

• Costs or benefits for others than the person making the decision (purchasing power)
• Many times goods that are completely private still create negative externalities concerning environments
• Positive externalities
• o Benefits from buying wood from a company that plants 2 trees for every 1 harvested
• Problem for the environment
• o Getting those that are hurt from negative externalities interested enough to mobilize and petition

• Non- excludable but rival in consumption: hard to exclude someone but their consumption hurts your consumption
• Lots of natural resources
• Problem for environment: over exploitation and fear others will take it if you don’t

• Easier to get cooperation
• Some global environmental problems, like climate change, are difficult to solve because they affect large population and a large number of countries

• Groups that intersect frequently on other issues
• (linkages) are most successful.
• o Joint products/ selective incentives:
• § Positive externalities from environmental decisions

• Actors may vary in intensity of preferences for cooperation
• o Privileged group: Some groups might have very strong preferences for public goods
• o Privileged groups composed of one or a few actors who receive benefits themselves from public good. Group willing to bear costs of providing that good for everyone

• Soft Law: norms of behavior without teeth or clear cut written standards
• o Many international environmental institutions start out
• Hard Law: soft law after it has formal monetary mechanisms

• Nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons
• o Also radiological weapons
• Precise term: CBRN weapons
• o Leading cause of death in war= handguns
• Biological and chemical- outlawed by Geneva Conventions, biological weapons convention
• Nuclear- regulated by Nuclear Non- Proliferation Treaty (1960s)

• Never been a nuclear war
• Nuclear taboo
• Theory: nuclear weapons create a situation of mutual deterrence- resolve disputes short of nuclear war
• o Mutually assured destruction

• China will overtake US as world’s largest economy sometime soon
• However, there is technology and militarization that matters too
• It isn’t the rising superpower to worry about as much as a declining hegemony
• o Over stretches itself
• o Provokes others

• 1.containment: deter and delay challenge
• slow down China's economic growth
• strengthen alliances with China's neighbors
• 2. Engagement:
• integrate China into the U.S.-led order.
• more what the US is doing today, role of domestic economic
• general idea: make interests more complementary