Political Science 333

States are not and never have been the only international actors.

regular interactions across national boundaries when at least one actor is a non-state agent or does not operate on behalf of a national government or an intergovernmental organization

• 1. Multinational Corporations
• 2. Drug cartels, terrorists, arms traders, money launderer, human trafficker, etc (un-civil society)
• 3. Non-Governmental Organizations, INGOs, and other advocacy actors (civil society)

non-state actors lack sovereign control over population and territory

NGOs and other non-state actors are not created by states. They are created by private citizens

• 1. Multinational corporations (for profit, commerce, market authority)
• 2. Non-governmental organizations and advocacy actors(not-for-profit, service and advocacy, moral authority), global civil society
• 3. Drug cartels, terrorists, arms traders, trackers (illicit, violent authority)

non profit, open membership organization that is not connected to any government and active in at least 3 states

any right protected in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN); focus on basic political, civil, economic, social, and cultural right

maybe more dangerous than the past

• Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience
• Title 22 of the United States Code, Section 2656f(d))

replaces sub-national groups or clandestine agents with governments.

religious groups more deadly, more likely to produce wide spread injuries

People choose to become a terrorist to advance their personal goals

Sometimes even random choice of targets is part of a strategy

• 1. Typically face a much larger majority that does not share their beliefs
• 2. It is dicult for extremists to convince others to share their views
• 3. Can't typically use framing to get people to accept their viewpoint/interests
• INSTEAD: USE VIOLENCE TO COERCE CONCESSIONS / ALTER STATUS QUO

• They are politically weak relative to the demands they make
• Extremists have interests that are not widely shared by other

terrorists form networks of small, self-contained cells - no interest in disseminating info

Networked organization limits consequences of information leakage.

1. Part of cluster of effects, not isolated or random - used to get goals, stop when achieve goal

2. Specifically designed to coerce modern democracies to make concessions to national self-determination

3. Terrorists have learned that it pays

4. Moderate suicide terrorism pays the most

5. How to reduce suicide attacks? - reduce condence in the ability to carryout the attack

Zealots and Sicarii (Romans); Assassins (Sunni, Persian andCrusader states

Lack of information, credibility, and indivisibility of the dollar

coercion, provocation, spoiling, outbidding

attrition and intimidation

Target is uncertain about group's capabilities or resolve

Group attacks to make its demands credible

Attack is a form of costly signaling

Oslo peace accords 1993 (Arafat seen as strong, attacks, Hamas wins next election), Iran kidnapping in 1979

(Iran prime minister and US national security adviser met 3days prior)

Fatah v. Hamas, Peru in 1970s - Shining Path(assassinations)

ETA - Spain always responded to attacks withrepression against Basque community

9/11, Palestinian attacks on Israel

• Colonizing forces -against the Brits - Greeks, Jews in Palestine
• Recent examples: 9/11, Sunni/Shiite attacks on US in Iraq,ETA attacks (bomb scares)
• Hamas -1990

• Retaliation - precisely targeted
• Harden targets
• deny weapon- nukes and chemicals

• as little collateral damage as possible
• isolate terrorists from sympathizers or potential sympathizers HARD to do!
• superior intelligence! language

Strategies that build trust and reduce vulnerability are, therefore, the best response to spoiling

encourage groups to consolidate

grant concessions to nonviolent group (or less-violent group) -Peru

economic externalities equals better terrorism

Israeli crackdowns have hurt economic opportunities, increased support to extremist Palestinian groups

Again, calls for further intelligence, calculated efforts designed to just respond to terrorists - requires better intelligence/ technology

might raise costs but also increases the likelihood that terrorist attempt is successful

Northern Based NGO: an NGO based in an industrial democracy Mainly thought of as global in focus

defensive measures + demographic separation

• Southern Based NGO: an NGO based in a developing country, usually thought of as not a consolidated democracy
• Mainly thought of as domestic (domestic NGO) or regional in focus

Human Rights, Environment,Development, or Health

NNGOs who contract with them tocarry out projects

1. Actors attempt to convince an important population to accept and embrace their belief

2. The norm becomes a near universal standard of behavior Prior to being internalized, norms are enforced by the moral disapproval of others or by sanctions

3. The norm is internalized

domestic NGOs in one state activate transnational linkages to bring pressure from other states to bear on their own government

a state vulnerable to pressure from below - democracy or lots of INGOs involved domestically

a state vulnerable to pressure from above - trade, exports,foreign aid or moral vulnerability (international attention)

vulnerability of the state and international & domestic support

• whose interests are they working for?
• their own private gains?

• Western biases?
• are they really connected to domestic populations

More than 55 international economists and political science, including 5 Nobel Laureates, assessed more than 50 problems and solutions to world problems

what domestic populations actually want

Getting economic, environment, and governance preconditions right (attention to human rights) helps mitigate international and civil conict, including terrorism

1 Are universal the birth right of all human beings  not granted by the state (country)

2 Focus on the inherent dignity and equal worth of all human beings

3 Are equal, indivisible and interdependent

4 Have been internationally guaranteed and are legally protected (to be talked about next)

5 Provide a means to ensure accountability, including for non-governmental actors

• 1 UN Charter (1945)
• 2 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) - non binding
• 3 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)
• 4 International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights(1966) - US has signed but never ratify
• *last three often referred to as International Bill of Rights

US not a party, with Somalia -WHY?

These are rights that can be taken away in times of emergency

right from life

right to be free from torture, slavery, free from retroactive appeal

• Political and Civil Rights,
• Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and.....
• Solidarity (Environmental) Rights (3 generations)

• often the case for economic, social and cultural rights(positive rights) - examples: state has little money, can'tprovide right to education
• also: can lack the capacity to control political agents -example: Mexico - lacked the capacity to train and controlprison guards committing torture

• States try to repress their populations (commit human rights violations) to prevent:
• protests challenges to a regime
• dissent at the international or domestic level
• these protests can be either violent or nonviolent

• 1. dictatorships and unstable democracies more murder in the middle
• in dictatorships: when there are multi parties
• 2. lower GDP per capita - Why?
• 3. international and civil war civil war typically has the greatest effect

• moral / philosophical motivations
• to try to get more international aid
• after a regime change - legitimacy
• after a war to try to get into a international organization - EU

• 1. Sincere ratifiers- Netherlands, Costa Rica
• 2. False negatives- US
• 3. False positives- Burundi, Uzbekistan, Cambodi

• 1. When have lots of INGOs active within their borders
• 2. When not politically unstable

International Criminal Court, entered into force in 2002, created by Rome Statutes, 1998

Can act only if national authority has not

• Excludable- Private Good- Club Good
• Non-excludable- Common Good, Pool resource- Public Good

nonrival- ones consumption does not affect the welfare of others

costs or benefits for others than the person making the decision (purchasing the good)

• non excludable but rival in consumption:
• hard to exclude someone but their consumption
• hurts your consumption
• lots of natural resources: sh, whale, wildlife

smaller number of actors - easier to get cooperation (can monitor and punish those that don't comply)

Groups that interact frequently on other issues (linkage) orthat interact repeatedly (iteration) are more successful

Some groups might have a very strong preference for the public good: a privileged group

A privileged group is composed of one or a few actors whoreceive benets themselves from the public good. This groupis willing to bear the cost of providing that good for everyone

many international environmental institutions started out as soft law - norms of behavior without teeth or clear cutwritten standard

become hard law to have formal monitoring mechanisms: Montreal Protocol (1987/89) - 50% cuts in CFC

Weapons of Mass Destruction