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1- organisms that use solar energy to drive the biosynthesis of energy-rich organic molecules are named as
- a. phototrophs
- b. heterotrophs
- c. photoautrophs
- d. photoheterotrophs
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2- during------------------------------- fully oxidized carbon atoms are fixed. Forming carbohydrates
- a. calvin cycle
- b. krebs cycle
- c. proton cycle
- d. electron cycle
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3- when a ------------------ is absorbed by a pigment, the energy is transferred to an ---------
- a. electron , electron
- b. photon, electron
- c. electron, photon
- d. photon, water
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4- photochemical reduction is
- a. the transfer of a photoexcited proton itself to another molecule
- b. the transfer of a photoexcited photon itself to another molecule
- c. the transfer of a photoexcited electron itself to another molecule
- d. none of the above
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5- the skeleton of a chlorophyll consists of:
- a. a central porphyrin ring and a strongly hydrophobic phytol side chain
- b. a central porphyrin ring and a strongly hydrophilic phytol side chain
- c. a central iron ring and a strongly hydrophobic phytol side chain
- d. a central iron ring and a strongly hydrophilic phytol side chain
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6- chlorophyll b is distinguished from chlorophyll a by the presence of
- a. a formyl group in place of one methyl group
- b. a methyl grup in place of one formyl group
- c. a hydroxil group in place of one methyl group
- d. a carbonil group in place of one formyl group
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7- examples of accessories pigments are:
- a. carotenoids
- b. herpenes
- c. phycobilins
- d. a and b are correct
- e. a and c are correct
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8- light harvesting complex differ from a photosystem in:
- a. light harvesting complex contain a reaction center and a photosystem does not
- b. light harvesting complex does not contain a reaction center
- c. light harvesting complex does not differ from a photosystem
- d. light harvesting complex are part of a photosystem
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9- the synthesis of ATP in plants in known as
- a. phosphorylation
- b. photophosphorylation
- c. hydrophosphorylation
- d. photonphosphorylation
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10-the acceptor of carbon atoms in the calvin cycle is
- a. water
- b. glucose
- c. rubisco
- d. ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate
- e. ribulose-1,3 bisphosphate
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11-the enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of two electrons and one proton from NADPH to glycerate- 1,3 bisphosphate, reducing it to G-3-P is
- a. rubisco
- b. phosphoribulokinase
- c. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- d. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate hydrogenase
- e. none of the above
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12-for every CO2 that is fixed, --------------3-PGA are generated
- a. one
- b. three
- c. two
- d. four
- e. six
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13-the enzyme that converts 3- phosphoglycerate to glycerate-1,3 bisphosphate is
- a. phosphoribulosekinase
- b. phosphoglycerokinase
- c. phosphatidylcoline
- d. phosphoglycerophosphatase
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14-the rough ER is characterized by -----------------attached to the cytosolic side of the membrane.
- a. lisosomes
- b. peroxysomes
- c. ribosomes
- d. endosomes
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15- ------------------is involved in the initial steps of addition and processing of carbohydrate groups.
- a. Rough ER
- b. Smooth ER
- c. Golgi complex
- d. All of the above
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16- ----------------- is involved in drug detoxification
- a. golgi complex
- b. smooth ER
- c. Rough ER
- d. b and c are correct
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17- calcium is commonly stored in
- a. rough ER
- b. golgi complex
- c. endosomes
- d. smooth ER
- e. vesicules
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18- flipasses are
- a. glucolipid tranfers
- b. glucolipid translocators
- c. phospholipids transfers
- d. phospholipids translocators
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19- the cis-golgi network is:
- a. the golgi compartment closest to ER
- b. the golgi compartment closest to plasma membrane
- c. the golgi compartment closest to nuclear membrane
- d. none of the above
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20- retrograde transport refers to:
- a. the flow of vesicles from plasma membrane to lisosomes
- b. the flow of vesicles from ER back toward the golgi
- c. the flow of vesicles from golgi back toward the ER
- d. the flow of particles back to the nucleus
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21- the addition of oligossacharide to the oxyen atom on the hydroxyl group of certain residues is known as:
- a. O-linked glycosylation
- b. N-linked phosphorylation
- c. O-linked phosphorylation
- d. N-linked glycosylation
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22- the transfer of the complete core oligossacharide to an asparagine residue of the recipient protein is catalized by
- a. asparagyl transferase
- b. oligosaccharil transferase
- c. transposase
- d. transferase asparagine dependent
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23-constitutive secretion is:
- a. a continuous and unregulated process
- b. a continuous and dependent of specific extracellular signals process
- c. a conservative process
- d. none of the above
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24- zymogens are:
- a. active proteins
- b. active enzymes
- c. inactive precursors of carbohydrates
- d. inactive precursors of hydrolytic enzymes
- e. inactive precursors of transferases enzymes
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25-the lysosomal enzymes tag consists on:
- a. a carbohydrate phosphorylation
- b. a protein phosphorylation
- c. a hydroxylation
- d. none of the above
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26- phagocytosis is:
- a. the ingestion of particles
- b. the release of particles
- c. the ingestion of whole microorganisms
- d. the ingestion of other cells
- e. a, c and d are correct
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27- once a messenger reaches its target tissue, it binds to :
- a. lipids
- b. oligosaccharades
- c. receptors
- d. ligands
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28- the ability of a cell to translate the information from a messenger to changes in its behavior or gene expression is known as
- a. gene expression
- b. protein production
- c. post-translational modifications
- d. signal transduction
- e. protein folding
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29- paracrine signals:
- a. are released locally where they diffuse and act at short range on nearby tissues
- b. are released to the bloodstream
- c. act on the same cells that produces them
- d. all of the above
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30- drugs that activate the receptor to which they bind are known as:
- a. ligands
- b. antgonists
- c. agonists
- d. kinases
- e. phosphatases
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31- G-protein-linked receptors consists of:
- a. five alpha helices and two loops
- b. seven alpha helices and two loops
- c. five alpha helices and one loop
- d. seven alpha helices and one loop
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32- G proteins are:
- a. a dimeric protein
- b. a trimeric protein
- c. a heterodimeric protein
- d. a heterotrimeric protein
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33- Galpha is activated when it is bound to a molecule of:
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34- Cyclic AMP is formed by cytosolic ATP by the enzyme
- a. cytosyl cycle
- b. adenyl cyclase
- c. G cyclase
- d. Phosphodiesterase
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35- camp intramolecular target is
- a. G protein
- b. Glycogen phospholylase
- c. Protein kinase A
- d. polymerases
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36--------------- cleaves PIP2 into IP3 and DAG
- a. proteinase K
- b. phospholipase C
- c. oligossacharidase K
- d. proteinase Calcium dependent
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37- calcium release is necessary for
- a. stimulate the exocytosis of vesicles
- b. egg activation
- c. pancreas activation
- d. a and b are correct
- e. all are correct
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38- the first messenger of nitric oxide synthesis is
- a. epinephrine
- b. acetylcholine
- c. nicotine
- d. norepinephrine
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39- IP3 function is:
- a. protein packaging
- b. calcium release from the ER
- c. ATP syntase regulation
- d. cAMP degradation
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40- smooth muscle cell relaxation in the endothelium is induced by
- a. ATP
- b. cAMP
- c. Proteinase G
- d. Proteinase C
- e. cGMP
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41- DAG activates:
- a. protein kinase A
- b. protein kinase B
- c. protein kinase C
- d. protein kinase D
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42- G protein is inactivated by:
- a. hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and re-association with G beta gamma
- b. hydrolysis of GTP to GDP and re- association with G beta gamma
- c. proteinase C
- d. Calcium concentration
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43- the production of sucrose is confined to:
- a. the cytosol
- b. the stroma
- c. the thylacoid
- d. the gramun
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44- low pH in late endosomes causes:
- a.enzyme degradation
- b.enzyme activation
- c.enzyme dissociation from its receptor
- d.enzyme association to its receptor
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