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Where does light dependent reactions occur?
- Thylakoid
- (dark reaction, Calvin cycle)
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What occurs in photosystem I?
Donation of energized electrons to electron carriers in the thylakoid.
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What occurs in photosystem II?
Oxidize water and donate electrons to electron carries that reduce photosystem I
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What is the stroma?
The inner space of the chloroplast
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What is the thlyakoid?
A membrane in the chlorplast
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What is the difference between unsaturated and saturated fat?
- Unsaturated- has double bonds
- Saturated- no double bonds
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What is the difference between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats?
- mono- 1 double bond
- poly- multiple double bonds
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What is the difference between a essential and nonessential fatty acid?
- Essential- obtained through diet
- Nonessential- made by the body
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What is an ester?
Formed by reactions between an acid and an alcohol with elimination of water
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What is the difference between a glycolipid and sphingolipid?
- glyco- no phosphate
- sphingo- have phophate
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What is an isoprenoid?
repeating 5 carbon unit
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What is a terpene and a monoterpene?
- 5 repeating carbon from plants
- 2 five repeating carbons
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What are the 4 classes of lipoproteins?
- Chylomycrons - very large and low density, transport intestine to adipose
- VLDL- transport lipids to tissues
- LDL- carry cholesterol to tissue
- HLD - scavenge excess cholesterol esters
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What is passive transport?
- requires no energy
- Simple and facilitated diffusion
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What is the difference of simple and facilitated diffusion?
- simple- no carrier
- facilitated- has protein carrier
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What does active transport require?
ATP
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What is a ketone?
Results of excess acetyl-CoA
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What does bile (made in the liver) do?
Emulsifies fat
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What is photophosphorlation?
Making ATP in the presence of light
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What is photorespiration?
use of Oxygen instead of CO2
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What is a compensation point?
rates of CO2 fixation and release are equal
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What is nitrogen fixation?
Nitrogen gas being converted into a form usable by plants
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What is kwashiorkor?
Prolonged protein deficiency
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What is transamination?
converting alpha amino acid to alpha keto acid
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What is an alkaloid?
Nitrogen containing chemical found in plants
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What is a monomer?
a simple compound that combine to make a polymer
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What is a nucleotide?
DNA or RNA monomer unit
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What is a nucleoside?
Nucleotide without phosphate
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What is the difference between a pyrimidine and a purine?
- Pyrimidine- 1 nitrogen base
- Purine- 2 nitrogen base
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What is difference between ammotontelic, Ureotelic, and Uricotelic?
- Ammotontelic- released in the sea
- Ureotelic- converted to urea (mammals)
- Uricotelic- coverted to uric acid
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What is the difference between ketogenic and glucogenic?
- AA is degraded to
- (keto) acetyl-CoA or acetoacetyl-CoA
- (gluco) pyruvate or a TCA cycle
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What is phenyketoneuria (PKU) result in?
over accumulation of phenylaline
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What is alkaptoneuria a result of?
deficiency in homogentisate oxidase
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What is albinism a result of?
lack of tyrosinase, thus melanin is not produced
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What is the function of the small intestine?
digestion of nutrients so they are small enough to be absorbed
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What is the liver play a key role in?
Carbohydrates, lipids, and AA metabolism
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What is the function of the adipose tissue?
storage of energy in the form of TAGs
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What is the function of the brain?
Directs most metabolic activity
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What is the function of the kidney?
Filtration of blood plasma
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What is chromatin?
Partially decondensed chromosomes
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What is B, A and Z form DNA?
- B- Right handed, Most common, Longest
- A- right handed
- Z- left handed
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What did Watson and Crick discover in 1953?
DNA structure
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What are the 4 types of Xenobiotics?
- Base analogues- transition mutation
- Alkylating agents- liable to alkalation
- Nonalkylating agents- deaminates bases, mutagenic and prevent base pairing
- Intercalating agents- Frame shift mutation
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What is the difference between transversion and transition mutation?
- Transistion is purine to purine or pyrimindine to pyrimindine.
- Transversion is purine to pyrimindine
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What is a centromere?
AT rich, forms kinetochore which interacts with spindles fibers during cell division
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What is a telomere?
CCCA repeats at the end of DNA that postpone loss of coding on replication
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What is the difference in size of a bacteria genome and the human genome?
- Human- billions of bases
- Bacteria- millions of bases
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