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what are gender stereotyping and gender roles?
beliefs that are commonly held about the characteristics that are believed to be appropriate.
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what are gender roles?
the reflection of these stereotypes in everyday behavior
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what is gender identity?
refers to perception of the self as relatively masculine or feminine
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gender typing
refers to any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with biological sex in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes of gender
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instrumental traits
reflecting competence, rationality, and assertiveness, viewed as masculine
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expressive traits
emphasizing warmth, caring and sensitivity, viewed as feminine
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gender stereotypes and roles across age
- toddler: gender-sterotyped play appears
- preschool-age: rigid stereotypes in play, appearances, occupation
- middle childhood: stereotyping of personality increases and academic achievement
- adolescence: more open-minded view of gender behavior but more tolerated for females than males
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in group favoritism
having great knowledge of trait stereotypes that portrays own gender in a positive light
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gender stereotype flexibility
overlap in the characteristics of males and females
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ethnicity and gender
- black children hold less stereotyped views of females than white children
- ethnic minorities are often perceived in gender-stereotyped ways
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why do gender stereotypes and roles exist?
biological influences
- sex hormones: affect brain development and neural activity, and affect play styles
- cross cultural data: most societies promote instrumental traits in males and expressive traits in females
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androgen
- males sex hormone, that have shown to increase active play in both male female animals
- also promote male typical behavior and aggression and suppresses maternal caregiving
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