Chapter 17

Single canal that carries urine to the outside of the body

Opening in the urethra to the outside of the body

Fluid produced by the kidneys, containing water and waste products

Waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine

Waste product of muscle metabolism, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine

Presence of albumin in the urine, such as occurs in renal disease or in normal urine after heavy exercise

Absence of urine formation

Presence of bacteria in the urine

Painful urination

Involuntary discharge of urine, usually referring to a lack of bladder control

Bed-wetting during sleep

Glucose (sugar) in the urine

Presence of blood in the urine

Involuntary discharge of urine or feces

Involuntary discharge of urine with coughing, sneezing, and/or strained exercise

Presence of ketone bodies in the urine

Acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid; products of metabolism that appear in the urine from the body's abnormal utilization of carbohydrates, such as occurs in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation

Urination at night

Scanty production of urine

Condition of excessive urination

Presence of white cells in the urine, usually indicating infection

Retention of urine resulting from an inability to void (urinate) naturally because of spasm or obstruction

Inherited condition of multiple cysts that gradually form in the kidney, causing destruction of normal tissue that leads to renal failure; diagnosed in adults presenting with hypertension, kidney enlargement, and recurrent urinary tract infections

Form of nephritis involving the glomerulus

Pooling of urine in dilated areas of the renal pelvis and calices of one or both kidneys caused by an obstructed outflow of urine

Inflammation of the kidney

Inflammation of the renal pelvis

Degenerative disease of the renal tubules

Presence of a renal stone or stones

inflammation of the bladder

Inflammation of the urethra

Inflammation of the urethra and bladder

Narrowed condition of the urethra

Invasion of pathogenic organisms (commonly bacteria) in the urinary tract, especially the urethra and bladder; symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency, and malaise

Excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood caused by kidney failure

Examination of the bladder using a rigid or flexible cystoscope

Removal of kidney tissue for pathologic examination

X-ray image of the urinary tract obtained after iodine constrast medium has been injected into the bloodstream; the contrastpasses through the kidney and may reveal an obstruction, evidence of trauma, etc.

Abdominal x-ray image of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder; typically used as a scout film before obtaining an intravenous pyelogram

Plain-film x-ray image obtained to detect any obvious pathology before further imaging

X-ray image of the renal artery obtained after injecting contrast material into a catheter in the artery

X-ray image of the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis obtained after contrast medium has been injected up to the kidney by way of a small catheter passed through a cystoscope; used to detect the prescence of stones, obstruction, etc.

x-ray image of the bladder and urethra obtained during urination

Abdominal ultrasound image of the urinary tract, including the kidney and bladder

Physical, chemical, and microscopic examination or urine

Measure of the concentration or dilution of urine

Measure of the acidity or alkalinity of urine

Chemical test used to detect sugar in the urine; most often used to detect sugar in the urine; most often used to screen for diabetes

Chemical test used to detect the presence of albumin in the urine

chemical test used to detect the presence of ketone bodies in the urine; positive test indicates that fats are being used by the body instead of carbohydrates, which occurs during starvation or an uncontrolled diabetic state

Chemical test for the presence of hidden blood in the urine resulting from red blood cell hemolysis; indicates bleeding in the kidneys

Chemical test used to detect bilirubin in the urine; increased amounts are seen in gallbladder and liver disease

Chemical test to determine the presence of bacteria in the urine

microscopic identification of abnormal constituents in the urine; reported per high- or low-power field

Isolation of a urine specimen in a culture medium to propagate the growth of microorganisms; organisms that grow in the culture and are identified, as are drugs to which they are sensitive

Blood test to determine the level of urea in the blood; a high BUN indicates the inability of one or both kidneys to excrete urea

Test to determine the level of creatinine in the blood; useful in assessing kidney function

Test to determine the level of creatinine in the urine

Measurements of the level of creatinine in the blood and in a 24-hour urine specimen to determine the rate at which creatinine is "cleared" from the blood by the kidneys

Use of specialized endoscopes within the urinary tract to perform various surgical procedures, such as resection of a tumor, repair of an obstruction, stone retrieval, placement of a stent, etc.

Urologic endoscope inserted through the urethra to resect lesions of the bladder, urethra, or prostate

Method of destroying stones within the urinary tract using discharges of electrical energy that are transmitted to a probe within a flexible endoscope; most commonly used to pulverize bladder stones

Incision into the kidney

Suture of an injured kidney

Incision into the kidney for the removal of stones

Excision of a kidney

Surgical reconstruction of the renal pelvis

Use of device (stent) to hold open vessels or tubes

Transfer of a kidney from the body of one person (donor) to another (recipient)

Creation of a temporary or permanent diversion of the urinary tract to provide a new passage through which urine exits the body; used to treat defects or diseases

Removal of a portion of the ileum to use as a conduit to which the ureters are attached at one end; the other end is brought through an opening (stoma) created in the abdomen; urine drains continually into an external appliance (bag); noncontinent indicates the urine cannot be held and drains continually

An internal reservoir (pouch) constricted from a segment of intestine that diverts urine through an opening (stoma) that is brought through the abdominal wall; a valve is created internally to prevent leakage, and the patient empties the pouch by catheterization; continent refers to the ability to hold or retain urine

Bladder constructed from portions of intestine connected to the urethra, allowing "natural" voiding