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Urethra
Single canal that carries urine to the outside of the body
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Urethral Meatus
Opening in the urethra to the outside of the body
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Urine
Fluid produced by the kidneys, containing water and waste products
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Urea
Waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine
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Creatinine
Waste product of muscle metabolism, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine
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Albuminuria
Presence of albumin in the urine, such as occurs in renal disease or in normal urine after heavy exercise
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Anuria
Absence of urine formation
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Bacteriuria
Presence of bacteria in the urine
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Dysuria
Painful urination
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Enuresis
Involuntary discharge of urine, usually referring to a lack of bladder control
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Noctural Enuresis
Bed-wetting during sleep
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Glucosuria
Glucose (sugar) in the urine
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Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine
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Incontinence
Involuntary discharge of urine or feces
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Stress Urinary incontinence
Involuntary discharge of urine with coughing, sneezing, and/or strained exercise
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Ketonuria
Presence of ketone bodies in the urine
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Ketone Bodies
Ketone Compounds
Acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid; products of metabolism that appear in the urine from the body's abnormal utilization of carbohydrates, such as occurs in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation
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Nocturia
Urination at night
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Oliguria
Scanty production of urine
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Polyuria
Condition of excessive urination
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Pyuria
Presence of white cells in the urine, usually indicating infection
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Urinary Retention
Retention of urine resulting from an inability to void (urinate) naturally because of spasm or obstruction
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Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease
Inherited condition of multiple cysts that gradually form in the kidney, causing destruction of normal tissue that leads to renal failure; diagnosed in adults presenting with hypertension, kidney enlargement, and recurrent urinary tract infections
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Glomerulonephritis
Form of nephritis involving the glomerulus
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Hydronephrosis
Pooling of urine in dilated areas of the renal pelvis and calices of one or both kidneys caused by an obstructed outflow of urine
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Nephritis
Inflammation of the kidney
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Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the renal pelvis
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Nephrosis
Degenerative disease of the renal tubules
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Nephrolithiasis
Presence of a renal stone or stones
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Cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
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Urethritis
Inflammation of the urethra
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Urethrocystitis
Inflammation of the urethra and bladder
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Urethral Stenosis
Narrowed condition of the urethra
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Urinary Tract Infection
Invasion of pathogenic organisms (commonly bacteria) in the urinary tract, especially the urethra and bladder; symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency, and malaise
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Uremia
Azotemia
Excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood caused by kidney failure
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Cystoscopy
Examination of the bladder using a rigid or flexible cystoscope
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Kidney Biopsy (Bx)
Renal Biopsy
Removal of kidney tissue for pathologic examination
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Intravenous Pyelogram
Intravenous Urogram
X-ray image of the urinary tract obtained after iodine constrast medium has been injected into the bloodstream; the contrastpasses through the kidney and may reveal an obstruction, evidence of trauma, etc.
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Kidneys, Ureter, Bladder
Abdominal x-ray image of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder; typically used as a scout film before obtaining an intravenous pyelogram
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Scout Film
Plain-film x-ray image obtained to detect any obvious pathology before further imaging
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Renal Angiogram
Renal Arteriogram
X-ray image of the renal artery obtained after injecting contrast material into a catheter in the artery
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Retrograde Pyelogram
Retrograde Urogram
X-ray image of the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis obtained after contrast medium has been injected up to the kidney by way of a small catheter passed through a cystoscope; used to detect the prescence of stones, obstruction, etc.
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Voiding cystourethrogram
x-ray image of the bladder and urethra obtained during urination
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Abdominal Sonogram
Abdominal ultrasound image of the urinary tract, including the kidney and bladder
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Urinalysis
Physical, chemical, and microscopic examination or urine
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Specific gravity
Measure of the concentration or dilution of urine
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pH
Measure of the acidity or alkalinity of urine
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Glucose
Chemical test used to detect sugar in the urine; most often used to detect sugar in the urine; most often used to screen for diabetes
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Albumin (alb)
Chemical test used to detect the presence of albumin in the urine
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Ketones
chemical test used to detect the presence of ketone bodies in the urine; positive test indicates that fats are being used by the body instead of carbohydrates, which occurs during starvation or an uncontrolled diabetic state
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Urine Occult Blood
Chemical test for the presence of hidden blood in the urine resulting from red blood cell hemolysis; indicates bleeding in the kidneys
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Bilirubin
Chemical test used to detect bilirubin in the urine; increased amounts are seen in gallbladder and liver disease
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Urobilinogen
Chemical test to determine the presence of bacteria in the urine
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Microscopic findings
microscopic identification of abnormal constituents in the urine; reported per high- or low-power field
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Urine Culture & Sensitivity
Isolation of a urine specimen in a culture medium to propagate the growth of microorganisms; organisms that grow in the culture and are identified, as are drugs to which they are sensitive
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Blood urea nitrogen
Blood test to determine the level of urea in the blood; a high BUN indicates the inability of one or both kidneys to excrete urea
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Creatinine, serum
Test to determine the level of creatinine in the blood; useful in assessing kidney function
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Creatinine, Urine
Test to determine the level of creatinine in the urine
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Creatinine clearance testing
Measurements of the level of creatinine in the blood and in a 24-hour urine specimen to determine the rate at which creatinine is "cleared" from the blood by the kidneys
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Urologic endoscopic surgery
Use of specialized endoscopes within the urinary tract to perform various surgical procedures, such as resection of a tumor, repair of an obstruction, stone retrieval, placement of a stent, etc.
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Resectoscope
Urologic endoscope inserted through the urethra to resect lesions of the bladder, urethra, or prostate
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Intracorporeal Lithotripsy
Method of destroying stones within the urinary tract using discharges of electrical energy that are transmitted to a probe within a flexible endoscope; most commonly used to pulverize bladder stones
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Nephrotomy
Incision into the kidney
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Nephrorrhaphy
Suture of an injured kidney
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Nephrolithotomy
Incision into the kidney for the removal of stones
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Nephrectomy
Excision of a kidney
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Pyeloplasty
Surgical reconstruction of the renal pelvis
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Stent placement
Use of device (stent) to hold open vessels or tubes
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Kidney transplantation
Renal transplantation
Transfer of a kidney from the body of one person (donor) to another (recipient)
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Urinary Diversion
Creation of a temporary or permanent diversion of the urinary tract to provide a new passage through which urine exits the body; used to treat defects or diseases
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Noncontinent Ileal Conduit
Removal of a portion of the ileum to use as a conduit to which the ureters are attached at one end; the other end is brought through an opening (stoma) created in the abdomen; urine drains continually into an external appliance (bag); noncontinent indicates the urine cannot be held and drains continually
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Continent urostomy
An internal reservoir (pouch) constricted from a segment of intestine that diverts urine through an opening (stoma) that is brought through the abdominal wall; a valve is created internally to prevent leakage, and the patient empties the pouch by catheterization; continent refers to the ability to hold or retain urine
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Orthotopic bladder
Neobladder
Bladder constructed from portions of intestine connected to the urethra, allowing "natural" voiding
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