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what is homeostasis?
condition in which the bodies internal enviroment remains relatively constant
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what things are maintained by homeostasis
- concentration of O2, water nutrients, ions in blood
- optimial temp and osmotic pressure
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what 2 systems control homeostasis
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what happends if homeostasis is disturbed
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what are the 2 main parts of the nervous system
- CNS (central nervous system)
- PNS (peripheral nervous system)
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what does the CNS consist of?
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what does the PNS consist of
nerves that connect brain and spinal cord with recptors or effectors
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what is the basic function of CNS
control center
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what is the basic function of PNS
connects CNS to recptors and effectors that send info back and forth
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what are examples of recptors
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all recptors send their info where?
CNS
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what are examples of effectors
muscles and glands
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effectors recieve their info from where
CNS
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what is neurology?
branch of medicine that deals with the normal functing and disorders of the nervous system
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distinguish between neurons and neuroglial cells and describe the basic functions of each
- neurons= cell body, dentrites, axon, transmits info within nervous system
- neurogilal cells= smaller, attached neurons to other tissues, produce myelin sheaths, protect neurons
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what are some specific functions of nueroglial cells?
protect, support, fight microbes and maintain nuerons
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what is a myelin sheath made out of and what is its function
- insulates nueron
- speeds up signal
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what are the 3 main parts of a neuron and describe aprearence
- cell body= expanding part containing normal organelles
- dendtrites= branched extendions of cytoplasm, recieves and conducts impulses
- axon= single long, thin, cytoplasmic, recieves and conducts impulses away from cell body to next nueron or body tissue
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what is a nerve fiber
axon bundles
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difference between gray and white matter
- white matter= myelinated
- grey= not myelinated
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what are the functional classifications of neurons? give name and description of each
- sensory nuerons= recieve info from recptors and transmit info to CNS
- associative nuerons= transmit info from sensory to motor nuerons= transmit info from associative neurons to effectors
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reaction time
the between detecting change and responding to it
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eletric potential
separation of diff charges
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resting state
not passing impulse, has polarity and maintains it
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polarity
- two poles
- ones positive, ones negative
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depolarized
change in polarity when neg and pos switch
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repolarization
- goes back to origional polarity
- negative on outside positive on inside
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nerve impulse
depolarized portion
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excitability
ability to change polarity
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refractory period
cant be polarized
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what is a threshold stimulus
minimum stimulus necessary to get nerve to send impulse
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what is the all-or-none principle
once you have sufficent stimulus, the strength or level of the impulse does not vary
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in what 2 ways are differences in the intestines of stimuli detected
- change in frequency of impulses
- change in # of nuerons transmitting impulse
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what factors affect the speed of an impulse
- myelinated vs unmyelinated
- quicker slower
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whats is a neurotransmitter give most common one
- substance released by synaptic end bulb and diffuses across the synapse to combine with recptor sites on the ajacent dentrite
- ascito coline
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ganglia
collection of cell bodies of neurons
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tracts
collections of axons within the CNS
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what are the 2 parts of the nervous system
CNS and PNS
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what are the 2 parts of the CNS
brain and spinal cord
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what is a cylindrical rod like structure this is continuous with the brain?
spinal cord
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describe the general structure of the spinal cord
- coninuous w/ medulla oblongata
- things that branch off are nerves
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spinal cord DIRECTLY ATTACHES to what part of the brain?
medulla oblongata
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the spinal cord connects to the brain through what opening
foramen magnum
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what is given off at various points along the spinal cord
nerves
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what outer thing protects the spinal cord
menegites
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what are the meninges and what is their function
layer of 3 membranes w/ fluid in between acts as a cushion
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what is the cerebrospinal fluid and what is its function
- fluid between the 2 layers of meninges
- nutrients
- coushin
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what is meningitis
infection in fluid
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describe the general features of the brain?
most highly organized tissue in the body
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what are the 3 parts of the brainstem
- medulla oblongata
- pons
- midbrain
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what are the 2 parts of the diencephalon
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name the 4 lobes of the cerebrum
- frontal
- occipital
- parietal
- temporal
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how is the brain protected
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how are the meninges of the spinal cord related to the meninges of the brain
continuous covering
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what happends when the flow of blood is stopped to the the brain?
- 1-2mins= cells weaken
- 4 or more= brain damage (stroke)
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what happends when the glucose in the brains blood is low
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tracts of the medulla connect what 2 tings
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what structure is common to the brain stem and the diencephalon
reticular formation
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what lies above the medulla
pons
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what is found above the pons
midbrain
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what is another name of the midbrain
msesncephalon
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what is attached to the hypothalamus
thalamus
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the surface of the cerebrum is called what and is composed of what
- cerebral cortex
- gray matter
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what is the outer appearence of the cerebrum look like
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divisions of the gray matter of the cerebrum (4)
olfactory bulb= projections of anterior cerebrum that end in an expanding bulb
limbic system= wishbone shaped group of structures that surround the brain stem
basal ganglia= paired masses of gray matter
cerebral cortex= outer covering of each cerebral 3mm thick, 70% of all neurons of CNS
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the cerebellum is found where and is connected to what
above medula/ pons, connected to pons
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what are the parts of the cerebellum
- vermis
- hemispheres
- grey matter
- white matter
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what does the peripheral nervous system consist of
- cranial nerves
- spinal nerves
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describe the 2 parts of the PNS
- afferent system- sensory neurons, info recptors to CNS
- efferent system- motor nuerons, info CNS to skeletal muscles
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describe the 2 parts of the efferent system
- somatic- SNS voluntary, skeletal muscle
- autonomaic ANS- invuluntary, glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
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describe the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system
- sympathetic division
- parasympathetic division
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what are nerves
bundles of myelinated nerve cell fibers found outside the CNS
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what are the 2 categories of nerves
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describe spinal nerves
- 31 pairs
- sensory
- motor neurons
- spineal cord
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describe the cranial nerves
- 12 pairs
- brain
- sensory
- motor neurons
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what are receptors and describe their features
- specialized cells or organs that respond to stimuli
- range in size from single to x nuerons in specalized structures
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the spinal nerves are names after what
region where found
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how are the cranial nerves names
roman numeral or name
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what are types of stimuli
- visual
- sound
- touch
- pressure
- heat
- cell damage`
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