-
three major perspectives:
Which paradigms are at the macro-level?
structural functionalism and social conflict
-
which paradigm has a conservative viewpoint?
structural functional
-
which paradigm has a liberal viewpoint?
symbolic interaction
-
which paradigm has a radical viewpoint?
social conflict
-
which paradigm is at the micro-level oriented?
symbolic interaction
-
key theorists of this paradigm are:
Comte, Durkheim, Spencer, Merton, Parsons, Bales, etc
structural functional
-
this paradigm is based on the assumption that society is the product of the everyday interaction of individuals. society is a mosaic of subjective meanings and responses.
symbolic-interactions
-
which paradigm says: Some parts are better then a "whole"?
social functional
-
what type of level of orientation views life from the "larger picture" concept of things. they can be extreme opposites philosophically (conservative vs. radical). when they see the larger view they don't see the concept of things individually, what's really going on.
macro-level
-
which paradigm is based on the assumption that society is a complex system of interrelated parts ,working together to promote stability
structural-functionism
-
which paradigm is based on the assumption that society is a complex system characterized by inequality/competition conflict. Inevitably resulting in change.
social conflict
-
this paradigm's prospective helps to convey more of how individuals actually experience society.
symbolic interaction
-
this paradigm asks questions such as:
how is society divided?
what are the major patterns of social inequality? how do some categories of people try to protect their privileges?
how do other categories of people challenge the status quo?
social conflict
-
which paradigm asks:
how is society experienced?
how do human beings interact to create, maintain, and change social patterns?
how do individuals try to shape the reality that others perceive?
how does individual behavior change from one situation to another?
symbolic interaction
-
which paradigm asks:
how is society integrated?
how are these parts interrelated?
what are the consequences of each part for overall operation of society?
structural functionalism
-
which paradigm believes that:
humans define themselves thru social interaction; that the sum of human interaction defines society
symbolic interaction
-
which paradigm says that society is a system of interrelated parts that focuses on stability bc of widespread agreement on what is morally desirable; each part has a particular function in society as a whole.
structural functionalism
-
which paradigm says that society is a system characterized by social inequality, conflict and division; each part of society benefits some categories of people more than others. social inequality leads to conflict which, in turn, leads to social change
social conflict
-
which paradigm is a framework for building theory based on the assumption that society is a complex system of interrelated and interdependent parts working together to promote stability
structural functional
-
key words of this paradigm are:
cohesion
equilibrium
balance
social integration
cooperation
collective conscience
mechanical/organic solidarity
etc
structural functional
-
which paradigm is a framework for building theory based on the assumption that society is characterized by inequality and conflict that generates change
social conflict
-
some key words for this paradigm are:
division
communism
separate
power
coercion
alienation
competition
etc
social conflict
-
key theorists of this paradigm are:
Marx, DuBois, and C. Wright Mills
social conflict
-
which paradigm is a theoretical framework based on the assumption that society is the product of the everyday interactions of individuals. this paradigm or perspective helps to convey more of how individuals actually experience society
symbolic interaction
-
key theorists of this paradigm:
Weber, Mead, Goffman, Sutherland, Homans, Blau, Penton, Etc
symbolic interaction
-
which sociological perspective believes that personal development and behaviorism is learned thru our culture
all
-
which perspective concerns itself with what binds individuals together in society
structural functionalism
-
which paradigm believes that deviant behavior is the result of inadequate socialization; due to a breakdown in the socializing institutions of society, such as the family, schools, and religious institutions.
or because the individual was raised in a deviant subculture.
or it might lie in a physical abnormality.
in cases where rehabilitation is not possible the individual must be isolated from the rest of society.
structural functional
-
this position advocates a system blame approach. for this paradigm, deviant behavior is only the symptom of the disease. the problem of crime, teen pregnancy, drug addiction, embezzlement, school dropouts and others are rooted deep within the institutions and normative structures of society.
this paradigm believes that if a more equitable distribution of wealth and power was attained, then and only then will deviance be eliminated
social conflict
-
for this paradigm:
stratification between minorities and whites is simply a matter of assimilation. they anchor their argument by saying that whites came over here to make a life for themselves by adopting the values of the dominant society. they also had to worked at undesirable jobs, which have always existed and will, quite naturally be performed by the least fortunate.
so what this perspective is saying is that if we assimilate to the dominant culture then we, too, can move up in the social ladder.
structural functional
-
this paradigm suggests that it is not so much a matter of assimilation, but rather, one of power and subordination. whites have positions of power and seek to maintain their positions by subordinating members of racial groups. the subordinated groups are denied access to quality education, housing, job advancement and health care, all of which create a perpetuating cycle of poverty.
social conflict
-
in this paradigm:
traditional gender roles are natural, inevitable and necessary. for this paradigm, rapid change is neither necessarily nor eagerly desired, for them the natural order of things results from slow and gradual change; or else it would put a strain on society.
from this point of view, society would be a better place in which to live and work if these systems remained stable and people were integrated into the dominant ideology
structural functional
-
this theory states that:
gender stratification results from the private monopoly of the ownership of the means of production men not only have a monopoly over property and distribution of goods and services, but also gain power over women thru marriage.
from this perspective, the gendered division of labor within families and in the workplace results from male control and dominance over women and valued resources.
social conflict
-
this theory views:
the family as an extremely important element of society bc it fills some of society's most basic needs or functions. those who use this theoretical perspective also consider any deviation from this functionally determined structure to be dysfunctional or harmful to society.
5 functions that these theorists say as to why families serve in society:
1. procreation or childbearing
2. socialization of children
3. the regulation of sexual behavior
4. provides for the material or economic needs of its members
5. provides emotional support
structural functional
-
these theorists:
brought the issue of power and its unequal distribution in society into the picture.
this theory allows us to understand the connection between families and their relationship to the ownership of the means of production.
social conflict
-
this paradigm says that:
the function of health care is to promote and maintain the health of the members of society. the promotion and maintenance of health is not, however, primarily for the benefit of the individual, altho that is a latent function of health care institution. rather, health is promoted and maintained bc society needs healthy individuals to perform necessary societal functions within other social institutions.
structural functional
-
this paradigm:
says that health care is a right and not a privilege. they believe that health care institutions divide doctors and patients into two classes-those who control the dispensation of medicine and those who receive it; giving doctors power. power is the ability to do as one wants even against the resistance of others.
social conflict
-
for this perspective:
the key to understanding the behavior of individuals in specific social situations is to perceive how the individual interprets language and symbols
symbolic interaction
-
this perspective believes that:
the creation of the health care system was a process that was negotiated between society and the providers of health care. they defined and created the symbolism of "practicing medicine" and "physicians".
symbolic interaction
-
labeling is part of which perspective
Symbolic interaction
-
what is social structure?
relative stable social patters: family, religion, education, economics, government
-
what are cultural universals?
they exist in every known society, but not necessarily manifested in the same way
-
what are social functions?
consequences of any social pattern for the operation of society. (What would the consequences for the operation of society if there was no institution of family?)
-
what are manifest functions?
intended and recognized consequences for the operation of society (i.e. family and transportation)
-
what are latent functions?
unintended and unrecognized consequences for the operation of society (the good stuff)
sometimes there's a fine line between latent and dysfunction: latent = cars...dysfunction = pollution and dependency on gas, etc.
-
what is social dysfunction?
undesirable consequences for the operation of society
-
___ is:
-all the shared knowledge values, rules of behavior, and the objects that make up people's way of life.
-everything that is a part of a people's way of life
-human survival depends on what we learn thru our culture
culture
-
___ is:
-a self contained group of humans who share a common territory and have organized themselves for the purpose of survival and perpetuations of a certain way of life.
-have common culture and language
-largest form of human group
-major components are language and symbols
-social solidarity unite society
society
-
___ is the disorientation one feels when exposed to an unfamiliar environment or way of life
culture shock
-
is culture uniquely human? why or why not?
- yes. brain size, opposable thumbs, and language
- - brain size: may be smaller than some animals yet, we know a lot; think in logic and reason, we can move and adapt
- - opposable thumbs: allows us to do a lot with our hands, some animals dont have this
-
name the building blocks to culture
- -symbols
- -values
- -language
- -norms
- -material culture
- -non material culture
-
differentiate between the tangible (physical) and non-tangible (non physical) objects of a culture.
- tangible artifacts: clothes, cars, and etc are material objects. often times you can tell a person's culture thru their tangible artifacts
- Ex: americans value cars, many times even more than they value their home
- non-tangible artifacts: symbols, church, and etc.
- they hold a meaning. it could also be used to tell a person's culture; what religion they believe in or what certain objects signify to them
-
___ is anything that invokes within a human being a response; anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture
symbols
-
according to class discussion, what were the reasons why language is the most important building block to culture?
(Penton feels this is most important) language is a system of symbols that we use to communicate with one another
it is the most important building block bc of cultural transmission (one generation passes culture to the next)
-
____ means using other words to express another word you don't want to say directly
colloquialism
-
what are some things that words or phrases an tell us about our language?
some words in a certain language could derive from a different language due to some things that may have happened in the past (history)
also, some cultures may find it appropriate to say something, but in a different culture it may be rude or absurd
-
Linguistic Anthropologists, David ___ and Edward ____ developed a Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis, aka ______ Hypothesis, which states what?
David Whorf and Edward Sapir
- Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
- thru language, cultures attach certain meanings to different objects and events. once defined, it is difficult to see the object or even in any way other than how it has been defined. Thus, the same object may have totally different meanings to people from different cultures bc of the way it is defined in their language.
- EX: the way the US view the colors black and white. black is generally associated with something dark and evil and white with good. the perceptions and associations related to these colors are so powerful that they can influence actions
-
According to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, we see and know the world only in terms of our ___?
language
language acts as a mental filter, shaping the way we see the world. people perceive the world only in terms of the symbols contained in their language.
-
what is the position of most social scientists and linguistic anthropologists today regarding the Sapir-Whorf (or Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis) hypothesis?
- they dont accept the hypothesis bc the same word in a different language means the same thing.
- chair in Spanish MEANS chair, regardless of how it is said.
-
what are culturally defined standards of desirability, goodness, and beauty, which serves as broad guidelines for social living?
values
-
the dominant values of a culture are sometimes ____ and _____
inconsistant and contradictory
-
Name at least three of the values that sociologist Robin Williams (1970) identified as "core American values"
- 1. freedom
- 2. equal opportunity
- 3. achievement and success
- 4. democracy and free enterprise
- 5. material comfort
- 6. progress
- 7. activity and work
- 8. practicality
- 9 science
- 10 racism and group superiority
-
despite strong notions about individualism and freedom, most people in the US still evaluate individuals according to ___, ___, ___ and ____ (macionis)
- gender
- race
- ethnicity
- social class
-
the notion that americans say we believe in monogamous marriage represents which aspect of culture? real or idea?
ideal
ideal culture is what we believe
-
within all cultures there is a tendency for a gap to develop between what we value and what we practice. what is the term for what we practice?
real culture
as opposed to ideal
-
rules by which society guides the behavior of its members is called __?
norms
-
____ are those norms and rules regarding behaviors that we should avoid.
____ are those norms and rules that regulate behavior that is acceptable to society.
proscriptive - what we should not do
prescriptive - what we should do
-
___ are strongly held beliefs about acceptable behavior. violations are not tolerated
mores
-
___ are codified norms or rules of behavior that have been legally sanctioned by government
examples:
driving while under the influence of alcohol
murder
theft
embezzlement
arson
copyright infringement
couterfeiting
laws
-
___ are strongly enforced by the state but they differ in that they delve into the area of the forbidden.
examples:
incest
cannibalism
necrophilia
animal torture
desecration of a place of worship
taboos
-
____ are norms that constitute the customary patterns of our lives. members of society thru both verbal and nonverbal reprimands discourage them.
examples:
picking your nose in public
talking in the theater while the movie is playing
wearing a tank top to church
treating your parents with disrespect
folkways
-
___ is a mean by which members of society often encourage conformity
- direct and indirect pressure
- positive and negative sanctions
social control
-
in social control-
____ brings rewards and praises while
____ can bring out pain; guilt (judging ourselves) and shame (public disapproval)
-
___ means the differences found among cultures
cultural diversity
-
_____ is the segment of a population that can be distinguished from the dominant society
subculture
-
___ is the segment of society who challange the values, norms and traditions of the dominant society, sometimes offering alternative ideas and solutions to problems of living
countercultures
-
___ is the belief that one's culture and ways of life are superior to that of other cultures - we judge them based on OUR values and norms
ethnocentrism
-
____ is the practice of evaluating (judging) another culture by THEIR standards
cultural relativity
-
which is best represented by the adage "when in Rome, do as the Romans do"?
a. ethnocentrism
b. cultural relativity
b. cultural relativity
-
____ are social structures and events that seem to be shared across the cultures
cultural universals
-
____ defines when there are differences between and within cultures
cultural diversity
-
which perspective theorists are interested in the bonds uniting society, or what allows it to work as a cohesive and harmonious unit
structural functional
-
which perspective are the theorists concerned with how culture is formed and for whose benefit. from this perspective, the core values of the US are all an outgrowth of our economic system of capitalism. inherent within this value system is a tendency to blame victims for their failures.
social conflict
-
____ is a process by which we learn to fit into society and thereby achieve harmony.
as defined in the powerpoint: the lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their human potential and learn patterns of their culture
socialization
-
some agents of socialization are?
- family **most important
- identity
- birthright
- culture
- values
- religion
- norms
-
____ affects who we become and who we wish we could have become (Penton)
education
-
Could a person's personality develop without social interaction?
no. because without social interaction they wouldn't even be familiar with "speaking" at all or doing normal human things.
six months of complete isolation was enough to disturb development when Harlow experiments on nonhuman primates
-
according to freud, if childhood conflicts are not resolved, ____ ____ may develop
personality disorders
-
media is the most ____, especially in younger children
influential
-
____ children are children raised in the wild
_____ children are locked away and denied access to other humans
feral
isolated
-
Charles Horton ___ developed which theory that is about how we develop an image of ourselves based upon input from others
Cooley
looking glass self theory
-
how does socialization affect children and their behavior?
- if unsocialized then they will have a harder time adjusting and flowing with the rest of the human race.
- or, if they have family that helps them develop a positive-self image and a positive set of beliefs then they have a better chance at having a positive attitude and outlook on life and are acceptable in society.
- on the negative side, under bad family conditions the exact opposite is true
-
from a sociological perspective, explain how deviance is viewed in particular settings
deviance is situational or relative to particular settings
** what is deviant to one person may not be to another
-
from this perspective, "deviance resides in the very nature of the act itself"
therefore, it is wrong at all times - past, present, and future - and in every situation
absolutist perspective
-
this perspective says that what is deviant in one place, at one particular time, may not be deviant in another place and time
i.e. killing during a war or in self-defense is not considered deviant, but necessary
normative perspective
-
this perspective holds that something is not deviant until it is defined as deviant by society and sanctions are sent in place.
in the past, truancy was considered to be deviant behavior and truant officers were on the streets everyday hunting down the students who skipped school.
reactive perspective
-
which blame theory falls into the functionalist perspective supporting the premise that the normative social belief systems of society are functionally correct and contribute to a smooth and harmonious society?
the problem lies in the inability of individuals or groups to either understand or follow what is acceptable
individual
-
which blame falls into the social conflict theory that views deviant behavior is either a manifestation of inequality, or the attempts of the powerful to force their views of right and wrong on those with different views who are powerless to resist.
deviance, then, is the symptom and not the disease
system blame
-
this theory believes that sometimes genetics are responsible for "deviant" behavior.
for example. many learning disabilities are not the result of laziness, rebellion or retardation
also, some individuals may possess a genetic susceptibility toward alcoholism, drug addiction and eating disorders because of their prenatal state
biological theories
-
this theory says that deviant behavior is rooted in personality disorders.
they say that deviant behavior results from a number of interpersonal conflicts with intimates, such as parents, siblings and peers.
example:
parents who are too strict, too lenient, not loving enough, etc. produce offspring with a tendency for pathological behavior
psychological theories
-
this theory, developed by Edwin Sutherland, states that "deviant behavior is learned in interaction with other people, for the most part within intimate primary groups such as families and peer groups."
differential association theory
- "you hang around that crowd and you're going to be just like them!"
- "birds of a feather flock together"
-
this theory, by merton, assumes that all americans value achievement leading to material success and that they conform to the societal norms of education, employment, and investing for the future, to reach their goal of economic independence.
the gap between "what ought to be" and "what is" leaves a person "____"
opportunity structure theory aka the Strain Theory
strained
-
___ means reinterpreting someone's past
retrospective labeling
-
what type of blame is the labeling theory? - which suggests that people are more likely to become deviant when social groups label them as such
system blame
-
this system blame theory (also social conflict) states that norms of behavior are usually defined and enforced by the influential or powerful members of a group (or society) in order to maintain their own capitalist ideology.
political economy
-
structural functionalist focus on the individual, and are very much aligned with which blame theory?
individual blame
-
what is the difference between race and ethnicity?
- race, sociologically, is defined as belonging to a group of people who others believe to be physically and genetically unique. (black, white, asian, native american)
- ethnicity is attributed to groups of people who share a common cultural heritage such as language, geographical origins, religion, values, food and dress.
- (so to me race is part of ethnicity--ethnicity is broader and includes more groups...such as being a jew is an ethnicity)
-
____ describes a particular type of prejudice and discrimination where individuals believe that people are divided into distinct groups based on heredity.
racism
-
two types of racism:
___ = stoning of a home of an african american family who has moved into an all-white neighborhood
____ = the use of IQ or standardized testing in the selection of job applicants.
individual racism
institutional racism
-
he says to define bigotry but we never defined it in class so i looked it up online. click for definition
- 1.stubborn and complete intolerance of any creed, belief, oropinion that differs from one's own. belief or opinion that differs from one's own
- 2. the actions, beliefs, prejudices, etc. of a bigot
synonyms - narrow-mindedness, bias, discrimination
-
___ is unfounded and biased attitudes held by one group or individual about another group or individual
prejudice
-
___ is the act of denying certain groups or individuals rights and privileges afforded to others bc of their group membership
discrimination
so prejudice is just the attitudes while discrimination is acting on the prejudice
-
___ occurs when the immigrating culture adopts some elements (food, clothing, music, language) from the groups of the dominant culture
assimilation
book definition-absorption into the dominant culture of recent immigrants
test question definition (that i got wrong) - forsaking one's own cultural tradition
-
____ hypothesis is the interactionist perspective which states that interracial contact between people of equal status in cooperative circumstances will reduce prejudice
contact
- also defined - a situation where people may be forced to work together on a specific job or permanent job, where there is NO competition for promotion, job security, or supervisor/subordinate competition
- his favorite example: living conditions in military basic training and technical schools
-
this is one definition of ___:
behavior or characteristics that violate important social normals and consequently result in societal sanctions
deviance
-
this sociologist proposed that deviance is a norm
derkheim
-
official definition of _____ - ((according to our past test)) how much the poor spend on food
proverty
-
___ is acceptance into the dominant culture ((according to another missed test question from the past test))
assimulation
-
___ is a negative trait or traits that are generalized to all members of a particular group
stereotyping
-
this perspective believes that institutional racism benefits society (depending on which side of the fence you're on). institutional racism is deeply embedded in the customs and operational practices of society and prevents ethnic minorities from moving into economic and social mainstream
structural functional
-
for structural functionalist, stratification between minorities is simply a matter of ___; and not all members of ethnic minorities are economically disadvantaged
assimulation
-
social conflict theorists agree with functionalists in so far as the undesirable jobs are a necessary reality of society.and that the less educated and unskilled with perform these jobs.
however, they suggest the key is ____ and ____
power and subordination. dominance of one group over others. according to this premise, ethnic minorities were never meant to assimulate
-
racial grouping - is it related to biological or sociological origins
- in the powerpoints he talks about white privilege (the fact that whites, by virture of their racial identity, receive special consideration in almost all facets of social life)
- so from that point of view its biological
- there's also a slide that says dominant racial group white america
- says the racial group that has within its power the ability to exploit and control other groups. even in the face of resistance ..
- i would say it depends on which racial group is dominant but apparently its white people since it says white america in its title...
- again biological..
-
distinguish between sex and gender
sex is the BIOLOGICAL distinction of being male or female that develops before birth
gender can be defined as the socially constructed attitudes, meanings, beliefs, and behaviors associated with the sex differences of being born male or female, and learned thru the process of socialization
-
what are the differences between gender roles and gender socialization
gender roles - are learned and reinforced thru associated behaviors and attitudes with the help of the socializing agents such as the family, schools, peers, the media, politics, and religions
gender defined in the book (because penton made that definition apparently) ...if so then gender then is based on how society bases its perception of male and female qualities and communicated thru dominant ideology (language)
-
_____ found that among the Tchambuli tribal women in the New Guinea, dominant traits were business shrewdness, logic, common sense and the major economic role
margaret mead
she also noted the males were interested in aesthetics and included gossiping, decorating, and adorning themselves in makeup and jewelry. she was able to show that the whole concept of cultural behaviors, emotions, and interested are patterned by environmental conditions
-
educational psychologist Debra Tanner confirmed Carol Gilligan's conclusions that gender roles for both males and females are _____ during early childhood and reinforced thru SOCIALIZATION agents
learned
-
how do sex roles differ in Western cultures from other more primitive tribes?
- in most western industrialized societies the laws, ordinances, and sanctions protecting these privileges are governed by the white Anglo-Saxon protestant males; this group made, enforced and continued to produce the laws. ordinances, and sanctions that keep them in their positions of power and wealth, usually at the expense of others in society.
- other non-industrialized, third world, and asian nations are not exempt from patriarchal dominance.
-
under what category are these:
hermaphrodites
intersexuality
transsexuals
she-males
sex reassignment
gender
-
Fact card:
according to Parsons, gender forms a complimentary set of roles that link males and females together into family units that fulfill the various functions necessary for the operation of society, with women being largely responsible for the caring and nurturing of children and overals management of the household, while men connect the family to the larger society thru their participation in the workforce.
parson's (1942) argues that this division of labor contributes to the socialization process by teaching young boys and girls appropriate gender identity and gender related skills that will be needed later in adult life (page 248 in book)
-
Fact sheet:
parsons' view that society promotes gender roles thru various schemes has recently come under critical evaluation. for example, he excludes the fact that poor women and single mothers, thru necessity, have always worked outside of the home and increasing numbers of wives successfully juggle the dual status of motherhood and career
parson also fails to include the numbers of feminists who defy the traditional gender roles orchestrated by a male dominated society and pursue nontraditional life-styles and careers
-
fact card:
talcott parsons (1902-1979)
is regarded as one of the most influential contemporary structural functionalists. he perceived the family as being the most important institution required for the survival of society. for parsons, the husband performed the instrumental role of providing for the physical and economic needs, while the wife's main duty was that of taking the expressive role of taking care of the home and family
page 16
-
____ is discrimination which violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, affording employees the right to work in a hostile-free environment, free from discriminatory ridicule, hostility, insult, or intimidation
sexual harassment
-
___ defined: unwelcome sexual advances, requests for favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of sexual nature.
sexual harassment
-
the EEOC recognizes two non-mutually exclusive categories of sexual harassment. what are they?
quid pro quo-a situation where a supervisor who has the power to hire, fire or promote makes employment conditions dependent upon the sexual favors of the employee
hostile work environment- unwelcomed behavior(s) of a sexual nature by anyone in the workplace creates a hostile, abusive, or intimidating environment or reasonably interferes with an individual's work performance
-
___ are actions that may seem sincere and seemingly innocent but sends signals that amy be interpreted by others as having sexual overtones; is what sometimes places individuals in precarious situations
risky behavior
-
examples of this is:
hugging a fellow employee, whether male or female
displaying a revealing photo on one's desk
sexually oriented magazines, even closed, on your desk
having a secret affair with someone in the workplace who is neither a subordinate or supervisor
risky behavior
-
from this perspective, sexual harassment is viewed as disruptive o the institutions of society. in general they see it as a matter of individual deviance and one that requires a change in the behavior of the individual
structural functional
-
this perspective suggest that it goes beyond the individual and is rooted in the norms and institutions of society. they point to the fact that women are often hired for their attractiveness and are usually in a subordinate position to the men to make advances toward them
social conflict
often, women in subordinate positions lack the resources to ward off such advances and fear reprisals that could result in loss of a job or promotion and capitulate to the demands placed on them. for social conflict theorists, sexual harassment is once again proof that subordinate workers are vulnerable and exploited to the benefit of the more powerful and wealthier citizens of our society.
-
about carol gilligan:
i had to get this offline because they barely talked about her in the book (page 244) and powerpoints...these are fact cards about her
Gilligan's book is a complaint against the male centered personality psychology of Freud and Erickson, and the male centered developmental psychology of Kohlberg. Her complaint is not that it is unjust to leave women out of psychology (though she says that). Her complaint is that it is not good psychology if it leaves out half of the human race.
-
fact card:
Gilligan hypothesized that as younger children girls are more inclined towards caring, and boys are more inclined towards justice (Lefton, 2000). Gilligan suggests this difference is due to gender and the child’s relationship with the mother (Lefton, 2000).
Carol Gilligan has provided a framework for the moral orientations and development of women. Current research on explicit schemas as to how women come to real-life decisions when faced with real-life dilemmas is limited. Gilligan’s theory is comprised of three stages: self-interest, self-sacrifice, and post-conventional thinking where each level is more complex. Overall, Gilligan found that girls do develop morality, differently than others. Gilligan’s theory holds particular implications for adolescent girls specifically as this is typically when they enter the transition from level two to level three. However, as do all theories Gilligan’s has advantages and disadvantages that should be considered when looking at moral orientations
-
fact card:
Many working mothers today are facing the reality of the second shift. This is where they put in a full day of work at the office only to come home to start their second shift, the one that entails all the housework and the raising of the family
-
sociologist have recently coined the term ____ for individuals who marry more than one person in the course of their lifetime.
serial monogamy
-
what is the most frequent reason for divorce among remarriages?
-
fact card:
Hoschild coined the term the second shift for the hours of household labor that must be done in addition to paid employment
hoschild found that women bear the brunt of the responsibility for the second shift
some studies find that lack of sharing in household tasks may contribute to wives' increased thoughts about divroce
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fact card:
parsons and bales argued that modern industrial society required a nuclear family structure: only two generations-parents and children. according to parsons, the nuclear family was isolated from extended kinship networks and more mobile then the extended family.
parson and bales also believed the best way to meet the economic function in industrial society was for men to specialize in earning wages while women specialized in overseeing the family's consumption of goods and services
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fact card:
pre-marital sexual behavior
sext before marriage isnt new
studies of marriage and birth records in the US colonial period suggest that perhaps one third of all brides were pregnant at marriage (1977)
the premarital pregnancy rate declined in the 18th century to just over 10%, but it is clear that some premarital sexual relations still existed
carr and walsh suggest that premarital sex was within social norms, so long as a wedding took place prior to the birth of the child.
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fact card
70 years ago divorce rate there was 1,600 divorces... now its 3,800 per year
even so it has been slowly declining since the 1980's
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