A&P II Final Exam Study

After your patient suffers a stroke, he can understand you but cannot speak. Which area of the cerebral cortex has most likey been damaged?

A. Broca's
B. Auditory association
C. Wernicke's
D. Primary somatosensory

Which of the following are true regarding the thalamus?

A. A and B are correct
B. A, B, and D are correct
C. The internal capsule connects it to the cerebral cortex
D. It is a a major sensory relay station
E. It has some motor functions

You are using a laser in a glaucoma patient to "open up" a part of the eye to help the aqueous humor drain better. What would you aim it at?

A. Sclera
B. Choroid
C. Lens
D. Canal of Schlemm

The Limbic system..

A. is incolved in emotions and memory
B. A and B are correct
C. A, B and C are correct
D. includes the primary motor area
E. includes the olfactory bulbs

What is the function of the auditory ossicles?

A. They are sensory receptors which transduce sound waves into electrical impulses
B. They transfer the vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the oval window.
C. They transfer otoliths from the urticle to the saccule.
D. They transfer the fluid from semicircular canals to the ampulla.

Which of the following cranial nerves has some ANS function?

A. IV
B. II
C. XII
D. IX
E. I

Cranial Nerves..

A. A, B and C are correct
B. pass through the foramina in the skull.
C. are numbered with Roman numerals from anterior to posterior.
D. A and B are correct
E. have names which usually tell something about their location or function.

Your patient has retinitis pigmentosa which has caused destruction of many of the rods inside his eyes. Which of the following syptoms is he likely to have?

A. A and B are correct
B. loss of perpheral vision
C. loss of "night" vision
D. loss of color vision
E. A, B, and C are correct

The reticular fomation..

A. helps to keep you awake in class by arousing the brain and helping to maintain consciousness
B. passes through the entire brain stem
C. has both sensory and motor functions.
D. A and B are correct
E. A, B, and C are correct

The lens..

A. is anterior to the pupil.
B. lies between the cornea and the iris
C. is made of lipids
D. can change shape when the ciliary muscle contracts.
E. is part of the fibrous tunic.

Your patient has a pituitary tumor that is causing very severe compression of the optic chiasm. Where will the patient most likeyly lose some visual function?

A. Left eye only
B. Both eyes
C. Right eye only

The basal ganglia..

A. works with the substantia nigra
B. A, B, and C are correct
C. helps control automatic, subconscious muscle movement.
D. A and B are correct
E. are part of the diencephalon

Which of the following are correct regarding the ANS?

A. Most organs in the ANS have dual innervation
B. The parasympathetic division increases tearing, increases salication, contracts the urinary bladder, and increases smooth muscle contractions and glandular secretions in the digestive system
C. The sympathetic division increases sweating, has a major effect on smooth muscle in blood vessel walls throughtout the body, increases heart rate, increases epinephrine relealse from the adrenal glands, and dilates the pupils.
D. The hypothalamus is the major control center.
E. All of the above are correct

Which cranial nerves allow you to feel pain in your face and move your head and shoulders?

A. VII and IX
B. X and VIII
C. IV and XII
D. III, IV, and VI
E. V and XI

Which cranial nerves allow you to produce saliva and taste your food?

A. X and VIII
B. III, IV, and VI
C. VII and IX
D. V and XI
E. IV and XII

Which crainal nerves allow you to listen to music and digest your food?

A. X and VIII
B. V and XI
C. IV and XII
D. III, IV, and VI
E. VII and IX

Which cranial nerve stimulates the orbicularis oculi muscle that helps you to close your eyes?

A. V
B. VII
C. IV
D. VI
E. III

Your patient has had a stroke and he ca no longer taste his grandma's apple pie. Which lobe of the cerebrum has most likely been damaged?

A. temporal
B. parietal
C. occipital
D. None of the above are correct

You are seeing a patient who had a stroke. You ask him how he feels and he says "Grass pepsi hat dance." Which area of cerebral cortex has mostly been damaged?

A. Wernicke's
B. primary auditory
C. premotor
D. Broca's

Which of the following are correct?

A. Cholinergic neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
B. Adrenergic neurons release the neurotransmitter norepinephrin.
C. Both A and B are correct
D. Neither A or B are correct

Your patient has a stroke which has resulted in death from sudden respiratory areest. Which part of the brain stem was most likely affected?

A. A and B are correct
B. pons
C. tectum
D. substantia nigra
E. A, B, and C are correct

Your patient suffers a stroke from a blood clot which came from one of the major blood vessels that supplies the brain. Which vessels could the blood clot have possibly come from?

A. vertebral arteries
B. A and B are correct
C. A, B, and C are correct
D. internal carotid arteries
E. axillary arteries

The amygdala..

A. is the part of the "emotional brain"
B. is the "anger and rage" center
C. A and B are correct
D. A, B, and C are correct
E. is the largest section of the diencephalon

You are seeing a patient who has had a stroke. The patient is blind aafter the stroke. Which lobes of the cerebrum have most likely been damaged?

A. frontal
B. temporal
C. occipital
D. parietal

Your seizure patient has an abnormality in the cerebral cortex which causes him to believe he smells bacon just before each seizure. Which lobe of the cerebrum most likely has the abnormaility which is causing him to "smell the same smell" just before each seizure?

A. frontal
B. temporal
C. occipital
D. parietal

The cerebellum..

A. sends corrective nerve impulses to the motor areas of the cerebrum.
B. A, B, and C are correct
C. A and B are correct
D. helps maintain equilibrum by adjusting motor signals to skeletal muscles.
E. receives input from the utricle, saccule and smicircular canals.

If you wanted to invent a new glaucoma eyedrop to decrease the pressure in the eye by decreasing aqueous humor production, what structure would you target?

A. iris
B. choroid
C. ciliary processes
D. ciliary muscle
E. lens

What makes the oily substance that helps prevent evaporation of tears?

A. lacrimal caruncle
B. tarsal gland
C. lacrimal gland
D. conjunctiva

What makes mucous membrane thatl ines the inside of the eye lids?

A. lacrimal gland
B. conjunctiva
C. lacrimal caruncle
D. tarsal gland

What makes tears?

A. lacrimal gland
B. conjunctiva
C. lacrimal caruncle
D. tarsal gland

Which has a dilated portion called an ampulla?

A. semicircular canals
B. organ of Corti
C. utricle and saccule
D. round window

Which contains receptors involved in static equilibrium?

A. semicircular canals
B. utricle and saccule
C. organ of Corti
D. round window

Which contains receptors for hearing?

A. semicircular canals
B. utricle and saccule
C. organ of Corti
D. round window

Which make stem cells?

A. Olfactory receptors
B. Supporting cells
C. Olfactory glands
D. Basal cells

Which make mucous?

A. Olfactory receptors
B. Supporting cells
C. Olfactory glands
D. Basal cells

Which are neurons which have "hairs" on their dendrites?

A. Supporting cells
B. Olfactory receptors
C. Basal cells
D. Olfactory glands

Place the following in the correct order of sound transmission through the ear:

1. stapes presses against oval window
2. hair bundles bend against tectorial membrane
3. basilar membrane vibrates
4. tympanic membrane vibrates
5. auricle directs sound into external auditory canal

A patient with a disease called macular degeneration loses cone function. What symptoms may the patient likely experience?

A. A and B are correct
B. worsening of central vision
C. worsening of peripheral vision
D. worsening of "night" vision
E. A, B, and C are correct

Which crainial nerve is sensory and conducts the nerve impulses for the sense of smell?

A. III
B. IV
C. V
D. I
E. II

The band of axons that connects and conducts impulses between the right and left cerebral hemispheres is called ______.

Damage to cranial nerve II would cause at least partial loss of _____.

The major region of the brain which helps with posture, balance, coordination and makes possible all skilled muscular activities is called the _____.

Nociceptors are located in every tissue of the body except the _____.

Since the cornea and lens are curved, they can bend or _____ light so that the light can be focused on the retina.

Retinal is a derivative of vitamin __.

A patient with a tumor cannot stick out his tongue. The cranial nerve which has most likely been damaged is the ____ nerve.

The primary auditory area is located in the ____ bone.

The structure which allows tears to pass from the lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity is called the _____ ____.

With age, our ability to see up cloase and read decreases. The name for this condition is _____.

A child has severe diarrhea from an intestinal virus. Which condition is the child likely to develop?

A. respiratory alkadosis
B. metabolic acidosis
C. respiratory acidosis
D. metbolic alkalosis

Only one that can cross the placenta.

A. IgM
B. IgG
C. IgE
D. IgA
E. IgD

First antibody class to be secreted after exposure to a foreign antigen.

A. IgM
B. IgE
C. IgG
D. IgA
E. IgD

Found in many body fluid.

A. IgG
B. IgE
C. IgM
D. IgA
E. IgD

Your patient, Mr. Jones, has extremely poor lung function from inhalation of microwave popcorn fumes ("popcorn lungs"). Which condition is he likely to develop?

A. metabolic acidosis
B. respiratory alkalosis
C. respiratory acidosis
D. metabolic alkalosis

Complement can destroy microbes by..

A. producing and secreting antibodies
B. A and B are correct
C. producing interferon
D. A, B, and C are correct
E. cytolysis

Mr. Jones has suffered severe damage from a drug overdose. Which condition is he likely to develop?

A. metabolic alkalosis
B. respiratory alkalosis
C. metabolic acidosis
D. respiratory acidosis

The main way that the body gains water is through..

A. ingestion
B. aerobic cellular repiration
C. ingestion of liquids
D. through the skin
E. none of the above

Your patient was stabbed and losses a large amount of blood. Which of the following would be the most appropriate response of the body to this situation?

A. ANP increases
B. ADH decreases
C. the thrist center is inhibited
D. aldosterone increases
E. none of the above are correct

Which of the following is true regarding inflammation?

A. A and B are correct
B. it is always due to infection
C. is is the first line of defense against pathgens
D. A, B, and C are correct
E. phagocytes move to the site of injury due to chemotaxis

Mr. Jones has had loss of stomach fluid form prolonged nasogastric suctioning. Which condition is he likely to develop?

A. metabolic alkalosis
B. respiratory alkalosis
C. respiratory acidosis
D. metabolic acidosis

Your patient has severe burns. With respect to the topics we discussed in class so far, what problems is your patient at increased risk for?

A. fluid balance problems
B. infection
C. both A and B
D. neither A or B

Buffers..

A. A, B, and C are correct
B. include proteins such as hemoglbin and albumin
C. are slow to react
D. A and B are correct
E. can permantly remove acid from the body

Natural kill (NK) cells..

a. are a type of lymphocyte
b. are a type of T cells
c. are 1 type of an APC
d. are a type of B cell
e. none of the above are correct

The lymphatic ducts empty their fluid into the..

A. brachial veins
B. subseapular veins
C. subclavian veins
D. lympho-ducto-draino veins
E. axilliary vein

The pharyngeal tonsil is more commonly called the..

A. lingual tonsil
B. palatine tonsil
C. adenoid
D. pharyngoid
E. throat tonsil

If blood (hydrostatic) pressure is 35, blood osmotic pressure is 21, interstitial fluid hydrostatic is 1, and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure is 2, whiat is the net filtration pressure?

A. +16
B. +14
C. +13
D. +15

Each of the following electrolytes is found in higher concentrations in extracellular fluid than in intracellular fluid EXCEPT:

a. K⁺
b. Na⁺
c. Cl^-
d. HCO₃^-
e. Ca²⁺

Which is made by the adrenal cortex in response to low blood volume and low blood pressure?

A. renin
B. angiotensin
C. ADH
D. ANP
E. aldosterone

Which is made by the atria in response to high blood volume?

A. aldosterone
B. ADH
C. renin
D. angiotensin
E. ANP

Which is made by the hypothalamus in response to increased blood osmolarity and low blood volume?

A. ANO
B. angiotensin
C. aldosterone
D. renin
E. ADH

Fluid located in the spaces between the body's cells is called?

A. chyle
B. interstitial fluid
C. intracellular fluid
D. lymph
E. extrastitial fluid

Thymosin..

A. A and B are correct
B. helps pre-T cells to mature
C. helps B cells to mature in the bone marroe
D. is a hormone made by epithelial cells in spleen
E. A, B, and C are correct

A patient has a cancer called malignant melanoma of the right ear. Which region of lymph nodes would most likely be affected first by spread (metastases) of tumor cells?

A. inguinal
B. cervical
C. axillary

Which of the following is true regarding foreign antigens?

A. they are most often small carhydrates
B. they can include such things as microbes, transplanted tissue cells, and incompatible blood cells.
C. they have small parts called endocores which trigger the immune response
D. A and B are correct
E. A, B and C are correct

Substances which quickly but temporarily change strong acids or bases into weak ones are called..

A. neutralizers
B. softeners
C. pH stabilizers
D. buffers
E. equalizers

Which of the following is true regarding cytotoxic T cells?

A. they are also known as CD4 cells
B. they can release gamma interferon which attracts phagocytes
C. A and B are correct
D. A, B, and C are correct
E. they can recognize and bind to altered MHC I antigens on affected target body cells

Which electrolytes are important for muscle and nerve function?

A. Ca²⁺
B. Mg²⁺
C. K⁺
D. Na⁺
E. all of the above

Which of the following are correct regarding antigen receptors?

A. they are made of proteins
B. they are found on the cell membranes of our B and T lyphocytes
C. we have many different antigen receptors due to the process called genetic recombination
D. all of the above

Which of the following cells cannot perform phagocytosis?

A. eosinophil
B. basophil
C. macrophage
D. neutrophil

Which of the following lists the steps of the inflammation in the correct order?

A. vasodilation and increased permeability, phagocyte emigration, tissue repair
B. phagocyte emigration, vasoconstriction and increased permeability, tissue repair
C. vasodiliation and increased permeadility, tissue repair, phagocyte emigration

Vitamin D is needed to help absorb which of the following ions?

A. Na⁺
B. HCO₃⁺
C. Cl^-
D. K⁺
E. HPO₄^2-

Which of the following are antigen presenting cells?

A. macrophages, dendritic cells
B. natural killer cells, plasma cells
C. natural kill cells, T cells
D. eosinophils, monocytes
E. platelets, please help me cells

The chemical substance which provids costimulation in the immune syste:

A. is called interleukin
B. can costimulate B cells
C. can co stimulate T cells
D. all of the above

Which protein produced by viral infected cells protects non-infected cells by preventing viral replication?

A. replico-no-go
B. complement
C. transferrin
D. lysozyme
E. interferon

Which of the following is correct?

A. MHC antigens are our "self antigens"
B. MHC I antigens are found on all of our body cells except RBCs
C. MHC antigens may be useful when trying to matach organ donor with the person who needs the organ transplant
D. all of the above

In the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system:

A. HCO₃^- can bind excess H⁺ present, producing carbonic acid
B. HCO₃^- is the strong acid
C. H₂CO₃ binds to water and produces CO₂

The cisterna chyli

A. is the beginning of the thoracic duct
B. is located anterior to lumbbar vertebra number 2
C. may contain a milky fluid
D. all of the above

The spleen:

A. filters lymph
B. contains red pulp which is mostly lymphocytes arranged around central arteries
C. is located between the stomach and the diaphragm on the left side of the body

Electrolytes are inorganic compounds that break up in solution into ____.

_____ is the name of the condiition where arterial blood pH is above 7.45.

Lymph vessels carry lymph in and out of _____ ____.

_______ is an antimicrobial enzyme found in many body fluids.

Collections of lymphatic nodules in th eileum are called ________ _______.

The two places that we discussed where the phosphate buffer system is important include the ICF and the ____.

Carbonic acid can break down into carbon dioxide and water in the ____.

Most of the extracellular fluid is located in the _________ _____.

When the blood arterial pH becomes too acidic, the acid can damage and change the shape of our proteins (such as our enzymes that regulate our metabolic reactions). The term we use for the change in protein structure is ________.

Your patient has a brain tumor which is growing. He could possible have a tumor of any of the following cells EXCEPT:

a. neuron
b. astrocyte
c. ependymal
d. oligdendrocyte

Late in her pregnancy, a women has severe pain radiating from her buttocks down to her foot. Which nerve has most likely been affected?

a. musculocutaneous
b. radial
c. obturator
d. sciatic

A patient is in a boating accident and has severe spinal cord injury. His spinal cord is completely severed above spinal cord segment C2. Which of the following are correct regarding this patient?

a. the patient will be able to move his arms and legs
b. the diaphragm will function normally
c. the patient will not be able to breathe on his own

A patient has a laceration of a nerve fiber in his right leg. Which of the following cells is responsible for replacing the myelin?

a. oligodendrocytes
b. Schwann cells
c. satellite cells
d. oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

A has been diagnosed with carpel tunnel syndrome. He has trouble with sensation and movement in his lateral hand especially iin the region of his thumb. Which nerve has most likely been injured?

a. musculocutaneous
b. ulnar
c. obturator
d. median

A tumor is growing in the lateral gray horns of several segments of a patient's spinal cord. How might this tumor affect the patient?

a. may have difficulty with regulating cardiac muscle and various glandular secretions.
b. may not be able to feel somatic sensations form the waist down.
may not be able to move skeletal muscles in arms
c. all of the above

A drug company is attempting to develop a new drug to treat brain cancer. However, they are having difficulty getting the drug into the brain tissue. Which cell is mostly likely blocking passage of the drug from the blood to the brain.

a. ependymal
b. satellite
c. oligdendrocyte
d. astrocyte
e. microglia

The spinal nerves..

a. allow communication between the eyes and brain
b. have posterior sensory roots that help connect them to the spinal cord
c. have anterior root ganglia containing cell bodies of motor neurons
d. have only motor functions
e. exit the vertebral column through the transverse foramen

How does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pass from the subarachnoid space to the dural venous sinuses?

a. through the arachnoid villi
b. through the median aperature
c. through the cerebral aqueduct
d. through the interventricular foramen
e. none of the above

Controls automatic movements and coordinate movement with visual stimuli

Pain, temperature

precise voluntary skeletal movements

Proprioception, touch

A patient with AIDS has loss of myelin in her brain tissue. Which of the following cells is responsible for trying to replace the myelin?

a. Schwann cells
b. oligodendrocytes
c. satellite cells
d. both Schwann cell and oligodendrocytes

Which of the following are true regarding saltatory conduction?

a. it occurs in myelinated axons

b. it is faster than continuous conduction

c. it takes place due to an extremely low concentration of voltage-gated channels at the nodes

d. occurs in myelinated axons and is faster than continuous conduction

What type of neuron can be found in the eye, ear, and nose?

a. multipolar
b. bipolar
c. unipolar

The spinal cord..

a. ends at L4 in an adult
b. has thoracic and sacral enlargements
c. is longer than the vertebral column
d. is continuous with the medulla oblongata
e. is tapered into a cone called the conus medullaris at its superior end

Neurons..

a. can conduct impulses
b. usually only have one dendrite that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body
c. can divide and multiply
d. all the above

After a motorcycle accident a young man has difficulty flexing one of his arms. Which nerve has most likely been injured?

a. musculocutaneous
b. tibial
c. femoral
d. obturator

A patient has a metastatic tumor which blocks the median and lateral aperatures. Which ventricles will become swollen and dialated with cerebrospinal fluid?

a. laterals
b. third
c. fourth
d. all above

Which branch of spinal nerves serves anterior trunk and limbs; may form plexuses

a. meningeal branch
b. anterior rami
c. perineurium, endoneurium, epineurium
d. posterior rami

Connective tissure coverings of spinal nerve..

a. meningeal branch
b. anterior rami
c. perineurium, endoneurium, epineurium
d. posterior rami

branch of spinal nerve serving vertebrae and blood vessels of the spinal cord

a. meningeal branch
b. anterior rami
c. perineurium, endoneurium, epineurium
d. posterior rami

Which of the following is NOT one of the spinal reflexes that we discussed in class?

a. stretch reflex
b. tendon reflex
c. pupillary reflex
d. flexor reflex
e. cross extensor reflex

Action potentials..

a. occur in dendrites and cell bodies
b. arise when there is hyperpolarization at the trigger zone
c. do not use voltage-gated channels
d. are small, varible changes in the resting membrane potential
e. have two main phases: depolarization and repolarization

Name of the phase when K⁺ flows outside the axon's call membrane.

a. graded potential
b. repolarization
c. action potential
d. depolarization
e. threshold

Name the phase when Na⁺ rushes inside the axon's cell membrane.

a. graded potential
b. repolarization
c. action potential
d. depolarization
e. threshold

All or none event; large, rapid ne-way response; observed in axons.

a. graded potential
b. repolarization
c. action potential
d. depolarization
e. threshold

Neurons which carry information from the CNS to the effector.

a. motor neurons
b. central nervous system
c. afferent neurons
d. peripheral nervous system
e. interneurons

Name of the neurons which have intergrative function; majority of neurons in body

a. motor neurons
b. central nervous system
c. afferent neurons
d. peripheral nervous system
e. interneurons

Any part of the nervous system other than the brain and the spinal cord

a. motor neurons
b. central nervous system
c. afferent neurons
d. peripheral nervous system
e. interneurons

Which part of the ANS controls "rest and digest" activities?

a. sympathetic divison
b. parasympathetic division
c. somatic divison
d. all of the above

The ______ is the largest nerve in the body and arises from L4-S3 of the sacral plexus.

Deficiency of a vitamin called ______ ____ can result in neural tube defects such as spina bifida.

The ability to perceive the position and movement of our body parts in space, even with our eyes closed, is called __________.

To perform a spinal tap (lumbar puncture) a long needle is inserted into the __________ space.

The ______ nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord.

A _____-gated ion channel opens only when a specific chemical such as a hormone or a neurotransmitter binds to it.

The ______ are the connective tissue coverings that surround the spinal cord (and brain).

During hyperpolarization the inside of the neuron cell membrane becomes more _______.

Anterior rami of spinal nerves T2-T12 are called intercostal nerves or ______ nerves.

Based on a functional classification of neurons, _____ neurons carry information from receptors in different parts of the body to the brain and spinal cord.

The corpus luteum

a. produces progesterone
b. forms after ovulation
c. produces relaxin and inhibin
d. all the above

A 3 yr old boy spent the day eating sweets. Which of the following occur?

a. insulin secretion increases
b. hGH secretion decreases
c. produces relaxin and inhibin
d. all the above

Ovarian function decreases significantly after menopause. Which of the following could then occur?

a. heart attack risk increases due to increased blood cholesterol levels.
b. bone density decreases due to decreased protein synthesis
c. estrogen levels decrease
d. all the above

In order to synthesize the thyroid hormones, which materials must be available?

a. iodine
b. tyrosine
c. immunoglobulin
d. both iodine and tyrosine

The anterior pituitary gland..

a. contains 3 cell types and secretes 5 different hormones
b. is regulated mostly by positive feedback loops and hormones from the pineal gland
c. all of the above

Decreased levels of thyroid hormones would

a. decrease the basal metabolic rate
b. decrease heat production
c. decrease growth of nervous system in children
d. decrease growth of skeletal system in children
e. all of the above

Calcitonin

a. is synthesized by the parathyroid glands
b. decreases blood Ca²⁺ levels
c. increases the activities of osteoclasts

The adrenal medulla

a. is controlled by the pituitary gland
b. is part of the parasympathetic division of the ANS
c. contains chromaffin cells that primarily secrete epinephrine

Stimulates secretion of progesterone

a. TSH
b. LH
c. hGH
d. ADH
e. ACTH

Stimulates production of cortisol

a. TSH
b. LH
c. hGH
d. ADH
e. ACTH

Stimulates secretion of T₃ and T₄

a. TSH
b. LH
c. hGH
d. ADH
e. ACTH

Which of the following may help regulate hormone secretion?

a. hypothalamus
b. other hormones
c. feedback loops
d. all the above

Which of the following is NOT part of the male reproductive system?

A. Cowper's glands
B. fimbriae
C. prostate
D. testis
E. epididymis

Which of the following are parts of the spermatic cord?

A. blood and lymph vessels
B. autonomic nerves
C. vas deferens
D. cremaster muscle
E. all of the above

The penis..

A. consistes of a single dorsal cavernosum and two ventral corpora spongiosa.
B. is attached to the body wall by the glans penis
C. contains erectile tissue
D. all of the above

Which adrenal cortex layer is correctly matched to the regulatory function of its product?

A. zona glomerulosa: female libido
B. zona fasciculata: blood sugar level
C. zona reticularis: blood Na⁺ and K⁺ levels: blood volume and pressure
D. all of the above

Example of a paracrine hormone in the immune system; also has autocrine effects:

A. interleukin
B. erythropoietin
C. insulin
D. nitric oxide
E. gastrin

Example of a circulating hormone; produced by beta cells:

A. insulin
B. erythropoietin
C. gastrin
D. interleukin
E. nitric oxide

Example of a local hormone which causes vasodilation; its effects are enhanced by the active ingredient in viagra:

A. nitric oxide
B. erythropoietin
C. interleukin
D. gastrin
E. insulin

The epididymis..

A. is a question mark shaped organ that lies along the anterior border of a testis
B. produces testosterone
C. is the site where sperm mature and acquire motility
D. all the above

Surrounds part of the urethra; secretes slightly acidic fluid; often hypertrophies (enlarges) with age:

A. seminal vesicles
B. testis
C. penis
D. prostate gland
E. Cowper's gland

Paired pea-sized glands, secrete alkaline mucus:

A. prostate gland
B. penis
C. Cowper's gland
D. testis
E. seminal vesicles

Classified as a supporting structure of the male reproductive system:

A. seminal vesicles
B. penis
C. testis
D. prostate gland
E. Cowper's gland

Female external genitals:

A. fallopian tube
B. vagina
C. vulva
D. ovary
E. uterus

Transport secondary oocyte or fertalized egg to uterus:

A. vagina
B. fallopian tube
C. uterus
D. ovary
E. vulva

Muscular tube lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium; inferior part of birth canal

A. fallopian tube
B. vulva
C. ovary
D. vagina
E. uterus

Which of the following is NOT true of lactation?

A. it includes the synthesis, secretion and ejection of milk
B. lactiferous ducts empty at the areola
C. milk is produced in alveoli
D. milk ejection is stimulated by oxytocin
E. milk production is stimulated by protlactin

Which of the following is NOT true of the uterus?

A. it is the usual site development fo the fetus during pregnancy
B. it is the usual site of fertilization
C. it is the source of menstrual flow
D. it may serve as part of the pathway for sperm

Which of the following cells is a stem cell?

A. spermatogonium
B. sperm cell
C. spermatid
D. primary spermatocyte
E. secondary spermatocyte

The testes..

A. are each surrounded by a capsule called the tunica surroundo.
B. produce sperm in seminiferous tubules
C. contain Sertoli cells that produce testosterone
D. contain institial cells that maintain a blood-testis barrier
E. none of the above

Which of the following classes or hormones are water-soluble?

A. eicosanoids
B. amines
C. peptides
D. proteins
E. all of the above

The endometrium..

A. is the inner layer of the uterus
B. has a layer called the stratum functionalis that sloughs off during menstruation
C. has a layer called the stratum basalis that persists and gives rise to the stratum functionalis
D. has a rich blood supply
E. all of the above

Which of the following are correct regarding the mechanism of action of water-soluble hormones?

A. the hormone is the 1st messenger
B. cAMP is the 2nd messenger
C. phophodiesterase inactivates cAMP
D. A and B are correct
E. All the above

The mammary glands..

A. are modified sweat glands
B. produce milk
C. are posterior to pectoralis major muscle
D. A and B are correct
E. All the above

The female reproductive cycle..

A. includes the ovarian cycle
B. includes the uterine cycle
C. includes the hormonal changes that accompany the ovarian and uterine cycles
D. all of the above
E. none of the above

Which of the following are correct regarding hGH?

A. it is secreted by cells in the posterior pituitary
B. it decreases protein synthesis
C. it stimulates production and release of insulin-like growth factores
D. none of the above

Which one of the following is NOT associated with the mechanism of action used by lipid-soluble hormones?

A. diffusion through the plasma membrane
B. alteration of cellular activity
C. alteration of gene expression
D. binding to a receptor inside the cell
E. activation of adenylate cyclase

Which of the following hormones is correctly matched to its source and function?

A. melatonin: pituitary gland; promotes sleepiness
B. thymosin: thyroid gland; regulates metabolism
C. insulin: pancreas; controls blood sugar level
D. all of the above
E. non of the above

Which of the following is correct?

A. MSH is required for normal thoyroi function in humans
B. LH inhibits ovulation
C. only females produce prolactin
D. increased levels of stress may cause increased secretion of cortisol
E. TSH stimulates calcitonin production

The muscular middle layer of the uterus is called the ________.

The pair of pouch like organs posterior to the base of the male urinary bladder that produce an alkalilne fluid containing fructose are called the _____ _____.

The widest and longest part of the fallopian tube is called the _______.

The structure which usually implants in the uterus about 5-6 days after fertilization is called a ________.

The misture of seminial fluid and sperm are called _____.

The golf ball size gland inferior to the urinary bladder in males is called the ______.

_______ is the main hormone regulating blood Na⁺, Cl^-, and K⁺ levels.

The hormone ___ is also known as vasopressin.

The thymus gland produces a hormone which helps T cells to mature called _______.

The hormones of the endrocrine system must bind to ________ on (or in) target cells before they can initiate changes in those cells.

The loop of Henle

A. is permeadable to water in the ascending limb
B. reabsorbs Na⁺ Cl- in the descending limb
C. is located only in the renal cortex but not the medulla
D. none of the above

What histological feature is correctly matched to its product?

A. G cell: secretion
B. Brunner's (duondenal) glands: alkaline mucus
C. Paneth cells: intrinsic factor
D. goblet cells: acid

After smooth muscle cells of the JGA are less stetched (swriveled") in your severely dehydrated patient, a series of chemical reactions takes place which increases which of the following:

A. angiostensin
B. aldosterone
C. renin
D. all of the above
E. none of the above

Pancreatic juice includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A. amylase
B. lipase
C. trypsin
D. bicarbonate ions
E. HCl

You are trying to invent a new medication to decrease acid production in the stomach. Which cells could you potentially target to decrease stomach acid production?

A. G cell
B. parietal cell
C. paneth cell
D. A and B
E. all of the above

The mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract:

A. is composed of 3 layers: epithelium, lamina propria and the muscularis mucosae
B. surrounds the lumen
C. has some protective function
D. all of the above

Nitrogenous wastes include:

A. creatinine
B. urea
C. bilirubin
D. all of the above

Bile

A. contains chlosterol, bile sale, and bilirubin
B. is produced by the gallbladder
C. has an acidic pH
D. all of the above

Micturition, which is also called urination or voiding,

A. is a spinal reflex involving spinal cord segmenst S2 & S3
B. involves contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the urethral sphincter
C. involves parasympathetic fibers
D. all of the above

The cephalic stage of digestion

A. begins when food enters the stomach
B. is regulated primarily by CCK
C. prepares the mouth and stomach for the arrival of food
D. all of the above
E. none of the above

CCK (cholecystokinin)

A. is secreted by cells in the large intestine
B. stimulates the release of pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes
C. causes relaxation of the gallbladder wall
D. increases gastric muscle contraction
E. none of the above

The intestinal phase of digestion..

A. begins when someone thinks about, sees, smell, initially tastes food
B. is an immediate response to stomach digestion
C. begins when chemoreceptors and stretch receptors detect food in the duodenum
D. none of the above

The filtration membrane consists of

A. endothelial pores of the glomerus
B. the basal lamina
C. slit membranes
D. all of the above

Which of the following is NOT absorbed by the gastric epithelium?

A. water
B. fats
C. some ions
D. asprin
E. alcohol

A patient with long term severe renal failure will likely develop which of the following?

A. anemia
B. decreased bone mass
C. decreased blood creatinine levels
D. all of the above

Peritoneum

A. lamina propria
B. serosa
C. muscularis
D. lumen

Smooth or skeletal muscle depending on location

A. lamina propria
B. lumen
C. serosa
D. muscularis

Loose connective tissue; containing MALT

A. lumen
B. serosa
C. muscularis
D. lamina propria

The gallbladder

A. drains directly into the left hapatic duct
B. concentrates and stores bile
C. wall contains skeletal muscle
D. lies on the superior surface of the liver

Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach?

A. produces HCL, pepsinogen and gastric lipase
B. receives the bolus from the esphagus
C. delivers chyme to the duodenum
D. performs both mechanical and chemical digestice processes
E. serves as the primary absorption site for most nutrients

The collecting ducts

A. contain principal cells
B. contain intercalated cells
C. helps to regulate blood H⁺ concentration
D. all of the above

Order in which chyme and ultimately feces pass through:

The urinary bladder

A. in males is directly posterior to the rectum
B. in females is posterior to the vagina and superior to the uterus
C. wall contains the detrusor muscle, which consists of smooth muscle
D. all of the above
E. none of the above

Which of the following are true regarding the pancreas?

A. it is composed mostly of endocrine tissue.
B. its head is close to the "c-shaped" curve in the duodenum
C. it passes pancreatic juice to the duodenum through the cystic duct
D. all of the above

Each of the following are functions of the kidneys EXCEPT:

A. regulation of blood osmolarity
B. production of calcitriol
C. production of chlesterol
D. production of erythropoietin
E. regulation of blood pressure and blood volume