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What are the two types of immune responses?
Direct attack by activated T cells, & cell-mediated immunity.
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Name the non-specific resistance of the lymphatic system.
Mechanical, chemical, & cellular.
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What are the functions of the lymph system?
Lymphocyte production, maintenance & distribution, maintain normal blood volume & composition of interstitial fluid & transport of lipids & lipid-soluble vitamins.
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What are the primary lymphiod structures?
Bone marrow & thymus.
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What are the secondary lymphoid structures?
Lymph nodes & tonsils.
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Which direction does lymph flow?
Only towards the heart.
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What are three characteristics of lymph vessels?
Endothelial cells overlap, fenestrated/pores & gaps between endothelial cells allow solutes, debris, viruses, & bacteria to enter, present in almost every tissue & organ of the body.
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What structure of the lymphatic system prevents backflow of lymph?
Valves, & skeletal pump
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Beginning with the capillaries, where does lymph flow?
Capillaries, lymphatic vessels (with valves), lymphatic trunks, & lymphactic ducts (2).
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Where does the thoracic duct collect lymph from?
From both sides of the body inferior to the diaphragm.
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What is the base of the thoracic duct called?
Cisterna chyli
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Where does the thoracic duct end?
Empties into the left subclavian vein.
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Where does the right lymphatic duct collect lymph from?
The right side of the body, superior to the diaphragm.
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Where does the right lymphatic duct end?
Empties into right subclavian vein.
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What are lymphocytes responsible for?
Specific immune response.
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What are lymphocytes dervied from?
Stem cells (hemocytoblasts)
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Describe three characteristics of lymphocytes.
They have a long life span, millions of different lymphocyte populations, retain ability to divide, & immunocompetent.
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Name the three classes of lymphocytes.
T cells, B cells, & NK cells.
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'T' cells make up what % of circulating lymphocytes?
80%
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Where do 'T' cells get their name from?
Thymus dependent.
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What is the function of cytotoxic 'T' cells?
They do hand to hand combat with virus-infected cells, foreign cells.
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What do helper & suppressor cells assist in?
Regulations & coordination of immune response. Activation & activity of cytotoxic T & B cells.
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How are memory cells produced?
By the division of activated 'T' cells following exposure to a particular antigen.
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Where are 'B' cells derived?
From bone marrow.
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What is the % of circulating lymphocytes that 'B' cells account for?
10-15%
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Where do 'B' cells reside?
In lymph nodes, spleen & lymphatic tissue.
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What do 'B' cells differentiate into?
Plasmocytes.
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What are plasmocytes responsible for?
The production & secretion of antibodies.
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What type of immunity are 'B' cells involved in?
Antibody-mediated immunity.
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What type of immunity are 'T' cells involved in?
Cell-mediated immunity.
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What % of circulating lymphocytes do NK cells account for?
5-10%
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Where do NK cells mature?
In bone marrow.
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What do NK cells attack?
Foreign cells, cells infected with viruses, & abnormal cancer cells.
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What is immunocompetence?
The ability of a lymphocyte to recognize a specific antigen.
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What attaches to the lymph node at the hilum?
Blood vessels & nerves.
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Name the two sets of lymphatic vessels that each lymph node has.
Afferent & efferent lymphatics.
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Name the 5 tonsils.
1 pharyngeal tonsil, 2 palatine tonsils, & 2 lingual tonsils.
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Name the lymphoid tissues of the digestive system.
Peyers patches, & MALT.
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Where are Peyers patches located?
In the small intestines.
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Where is MALT located?
Appendix.
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When lymph first arrives at the node, where does it enter?
Subcapsular space.
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What does the subscapsular space contain?
A meshwork of branching reticular fibers, macrophages, & dendritic cells.
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What do the dendritic cells collect?
Antigens from the lymph & present them in their cell membranes.
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Where does the lymph flow after passing through the subscapsular space?
Flows through the outer cortex of the node.
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Where does lymph continue to flow after reaching the outer cortex of the node?
Lymph sinuses in the deep cortex.
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After flowing through the sinuses of the deep cortex, where does lymph flow?
To the medulla of the node.
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What type of cells dominate the cortical area of the node?
'T' cells.
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What does the medulla of the node contain?
'B' cells & plasmocytes, elongated masses known as a medullary cords.
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What is the function of the thymus?
Maturation of 'T' cells, & 'T' cells sensitive to normal tissue are destroyed.
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What is the blood-thymus barrier?
'T' cells in thymus are inactive & not exposed to antigens.
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What is the largest lymphatic organ?
Spleen.
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What is the function of the spleen?
Blood cleansing, storage of iron & blood platelets, & lymphocyte proliferation & immune survellience & response.
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What is the red pulp?
Rbc's+ free & fixed macrophages & lymphocytes.
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What is the white pulp?
Lymphatic nodule with macrophages.
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