pathophys ch. 13-15 test 2

unusual or abnormal circulatory pathway of blood

decrease in diameter of blood vessels

pale skin color, in this instance caused by decreased blood flow to skin

rapid respiratory rate

chest pain due to heart muscle ischemia

abnormal heart sound caused by turbulent (abnormal) blood flow through heart

inability of heart muscle to meet demand for delivery of blood

cramping of leg muscles caused by ischemia.

ringing in the ears

incomplete, retarded, or defective development (think “Br. Davis’s brain”)

vitamin B9; also known as folic acid

the tubular “racing stripe” structure that forms along the back of the developing embryo that forms the nervous system.

low color, in this setting it means red blood cells with inadequate content of hemoglobin

inflammation of the tongue

“lysis” (rupture) of red blood cells (RBCs)

to gather together. Members of the Church gather for General Conference, actually…

to occlude (block off) blood vessels

the final cell stage in development of RBCs before the mature RBC is formed. 1% of circulating RBCs are reticulocytes under normal circumstances. If this percentage is increased (“reticulocytosis”), then hemolysis is the thing to suspect.

production of RBCs (erythropoiesis) in places other than bone marrow (which lives in the medullary cavity of bone)

a waste product of hemoglobin break-down and recycling

too high levels of blood bilirubin

thickness of a liquid. Maple syrup is more viscous than water.

false, deceptive

abnormal accumulation of free blood in a joint space

in the bloodstream usually means proteins, small hormones, etc.

an over-active spleen (which pulls platelets and old RBCs out of circulation, so can lead to anemia & thrombocytopenia)

the innermost lining of blood vessels

groups of synergistic muscles surrounded by a layer of dense connective tissue

an increase in pressure inside a muscle compartment high enough to prevent blood from entering the compartment, causing ischemia/necrosis/etc.

• i. Tunica intima—the innermost lining
• ii. Tunica media—the thickest, muscular central layer which forms the bulk of the artery wall
• iii. Tunica adventitia—the outermost layer in which the nerves & blood vessels that supply the artery itself run

blood proteins that transport lipids to and from tissues

increased blood flow

symptom of abnormal sensation: numbness, “pins & needles”, etc.

blockage of the flow of venous blood

1. reduced oxygen-carrying capacity

2. tissue hypoxia

• 3. compensatory mechanisms to restore tissue oxygenation
• a. increased heart rate, cardiac output, circulatory rate, and shunting of blood flow to vital organs.
• b. Increased erythropoietic activity

decreased functional bone marrow, resulting in pancytopenia—reduction in all blood cells

pernicious anemia, and is associated with lack of intrinsic factor secretion by parietal cells in the stomach (often autoimmune)—without which B12 cannot be absorbed.

a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12

the most common cause of anemia; may be due to low intake, diminished absorption, physiological increase in iron requirements (especially in pregnancy), iron loss (hemorrhage), chronic renal disease, etc.

craving for nonfood substances such as dirt, clay, ice, laundry starch, cardboard, or hair. typical to iron deficiency anemia.

2-4 ml of bleeding/day can cause Fe deficiency anemia.)

abnormal red cell produced that are subject to increased hemolysis.

Asian descent

Mediterranean descent.

produce ONLY hemoglobin S

heterozygous individuals: both normal & S chains are formed, with hemoglobin A usually exceeding amount of S.

large amounts of blood pool in liver +/or spleen. Only occurs in small children, and mortality rate is 50% or so.

sickled cells only circulate for 10-20 days (rather than 90-120 day for normal erythrocytes). This requires an increase in erythropoeisis (5-8 times normal). If the bone marrow can’t keep up, trouble occurs—acts much like aplastic anemia.

stem cell transplantation

• patients do not have anemia unless challenged by drugs or chemicals—classically by the anti-malaria drug primaquine.
• 1. Present in 11% of African-American males and in Sephardic Jews.
• 2. X-linked recessive
• 3. Treatment—avoid inciting agents

excess of red cells, which can cause increased viscosity of blood

• a bruise.
• 1. If raised, called a hematoma.
• 2. Hemarthrosis—bleeding into a joint.

the most common severe inherited coagulation disorders;

1. X-linked recessive;

2. abnormality in intrinsic pathway & subsequent fibrin clot;

3. hallmark of the disease is Hemarthrosis—knees, elbows, ankles most common, leads to joint deformity.

avoidance of anti-platelet agents, transfusion of missing coagulation factors (thankfully with recombinant DNA technology the AIDS risk is gone)

• most common, due to factor VIII deficiency
• 1. 85% of cases

factor IX deficiency; also known as Christmas disease;

i. vitamin K necessary for production of factors II, VII, IX, and X.

• ii. Cord blood levels of these factors usually 50% of normal adult levels; occasionally will drop enough to cause bleeding.
• iii. Treatment with vitamin K and/or fresh frozen plasma (FFP).

acquired syndrome in which both clotting & bleeding occur simultaneously.

remove underlying cause; antifibrinolytics, heparin? (an anticoagulant—to stop further thrombus formation)

simple squamous epithelium, in vessels known as endothelium or the tunica intima.

smooth muscle and elastic tissue: the tunica media.

connective tissue, nerves & blood vessels, the tunica adventitia.

a. Lipids taken into the gut as food are digested by lipases

b. Next, the lipid droplets are surrounded by bile salts to form michelles.

• c. Next step: the michelles are
• absorbed across the gut wall, are combined with proteins (to make the lipids soluble in water) to form chylomicrons.

d. then they enter the lymphatic lacteals.

e. Triglycerides get deposited into adipose.

f. The rest of the lipids need to be transported in blood combined with proteins so they are soluble in water.

Lipids combined with proteins. (of which chylomicrons are one type).

i. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)—contains most of the lipids leaving the liver going out to body tissues

ii. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)—is VLDL minus the triglycerides deposited in adipose. So, LDLs are very high in cholesterol.

iii. High-density lipoprotein (HDL)—contain excess lipids the cells don’t need, which are transported back to liver.