Microbiology Pathogens

Gram: Positive
Shape: cocci (strips)
Metabolism: Catalase negative, microaerophile, beta-hemo
Virulence: M protein, lipoteichoic acid
Toxins: Erythrogenic toxin, TSStoxin
Path: Pharyngitis, skin infections, scarlet fever, TSS (worst kind). Other: RF and glomerulonephritis
PCN
Diagnosis: Gram stain, culture inhibited by Bacitracin, B-hemoltic

Gram: Positive
shape: cocci (strips)
Metab: Catalase negative, facultative, B-hemo
Path: Neonatal problems (meningitism pneumo, sepsis)
Drug: PCN G
Diagnosis: Gm stain, culture CSF
Misc: normal flora

Gram: Positive
Shape: cocci (strips)
Metab: Catalse negative, facultative, alpha-hemo
Path: Subacute bacterial endocarditis, dental cavities, brain abscessces
Drug: PCN G
Dx: Gm stain, culture, Resist optichin
Misc: normal flora

Gram: Positive
Shape: cocci (pairs)
Metab: Catalase negative, facultative, alpha-hemo
Virulence: capsule
Toxin: pneumolysin
Path: pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, otitis media
Dx: PCN G, etc Gm stain, culture no growth in optochin and bile, Quellung test

Gram: postive
Shape: cocci
MEtab: catalase neg, facultative, all types of hemo
Path: Subacute bacterial endocarditis
Drug: ampicillin, resists PCN G, Vancomycin resistance (VRE)
Misc: S. bovis = colon cancer

Gram: positive
Shape: cocci (clusters)
Metab: Catalase pos, coagulase pos, facultative
Virulence: Protein A, coagulase, hemolysin, leukocidin, PCNase, hyaluronidase, etc
Toxin: exfoliatin, enterotoxin, TSST-1
Path: Extoxin:gastroenteritis (food poisoning), TSS (food poisoning + scarlet fever), Scalded
skin syndrome. Direct invasion of all organs
Drugs: PCNase resistant PCN, Vancomycin (for MRSA), clindamycin
Dx: Gm stain, yellowish beta-hemolytic, cat+ and coag +

Gram: positive
Shape: cocci (clusters)
Metab: cat pos, coag neg, facultative
Virulence: Capsule
Path: Nosocomial infect (on prosthetics and catheters), skin contaminant
Drugs: Vancomycin (very resistant)
Dx: Gm stain, culture, coag-neg + cat pos

Gram: positive
Shape: cocci (clusters)
Metab: cat pos, coag neg, facultative, gamma-hemoly
Path: UTI in sexual women
Drug: PCN
Dx: Gm stain, culture, coag-neg + cat pos, gamma-hemo

Gram: positive
Shape: bacilli
Metab: aerobic, forms spores
Virulence: protein capsule, endospores
Toxin: Exotoxin: PA, EF, LF
Path: Anthrax: cutaneous, pulmonary and GI
Drugs: Doxcycline, CIPROfloxacin
Dx: Gm stain culture, PCR, spore forming aerobic rod
spores

Gram: postive
Shape: bacilli
Metab: aerobic, forms spores, no capsule
Path: enterotoxin: heat labile (cholera-like), heat stabile (S. aureus food poisoning) Food poisoning
Drugs: Vancomycin, clindamycin, resists B-lactams
Dx: culture from foods, foodborn spores

gram: positive
shape; bacilli
metab: anaerobic, forms spores
Virulence: flagella (H-Ag)
ToxinL neurotoxin (inhibits ACh release - flaccid paralysis), released toxin
Path: flaccid paralysis
Drugs: Antitoxin, PCN
Dx: Gm stain, anaerobic, rods and spores in soil food fish

Gram: positive
Shape: bacilli
Metab: anaerobic, forms spores
Virulence: flagella (H-Ag)
Toxin: Tetanospasmin (inhibits GABA release - muscle contraction)
Path: Muscle spasms, lock jaw
Drugs: Antitoxin, PCN
Dx: Gmstain, spores in soil

Gram: positive
Shape: bacilli
Metab: anaerobic, forms spores
Virulence: non-motile
Toxin: alphatoxin
Path: Gaseous gangrene
Drugs: surgery, PCN
Dx: Gm stain and anaerobe in soil and GI

gran: positive
shape: bacilli
Metab: anaerobic, forms spores
Virulence: flagella (H-Ag)
Toxin: Toxin A = diarrhea, Toxin B = colonic cytotoxic
Path: Pseudomembranous enterocolitis
Drugs: Metronidazole, ORAL vancomycin
Dx: examine colon

Gram: positive
Shape: bacilli (pleomorphic tho)
Metab: Facultative, catalase +
Virulence: pseudomembrane formation
Toxin: Exotoxin: B binds to cardiac/nerual, A blocks protein synth.
Path: Diptheria: pseudomenbrane formation, myocaditis, neural probs
Drugs: Antitoxin, PCN, DPT vaccine
Dx: Gm stain, tellurite and loefflers
Misc: non-spore forming Gm + rod

Gram: Positive
Shape: bacilli
Metab: motile (H-ag), facultative, cat +, Beta-hemo, cold growth
Virulence: flagella (H-Ag), hemolysin
Toxin: Listeriolysin O
Path: Neonatal meningitis, meningitis in immune comped, sepsis in prggers
Drugs: Ampcillin, bactrim
Dx: cold culture growth
Misc: non-spore forming Gm + rod

gram: positive
shape: bacilli (filamentous)
Metab: anaerobic, normal flora of mouth
Path: Eroding abscesses
Drugs: PCN G, surgery
Dx: sulfur granules

Gram: negative
Shape: cocci (diplo, kidney beans)
Metab: facultatative, maltose and glucose
Virulence: capsule, IgA protease, pili, LPS (endotoxin)
Path: meningitis, meningococcemia, WF-syndome
Drugs: Vaccine, PCN G, Ceftriaxone, Rifampin
Dx: Culture on choclate agar and Thayer-martin
Misc: Nasopharynx flora

Gram: negative
Shape: cocci (diplo, kidney beans)
Metab: facultative, only glucose ferment
Virulence: pili, IgA protease (No capsule)
Toxin: Endotoxin
Path: urethritis, PID (women), conjunctivitis (neonates)
Drugs: Ceftriaxone, etc
Dx: Chocolate agar
Misc: STD, humans only

Gram: negative
Shape: bacilli
Metab: Beta-hemolytic, lactose ferment
Virulence: Capsule, flagella (many), LPS
Toxin: Enterotoxin: LT (increase cAMP, like cholera), ST (increase cGMP), shiga-like toxin (stop prot synth)
Path: newborn meningitis, UTI, sepsis, DIARRHEA (EHEC, ETEC, EIEC)
Drugs: Cephalosproin, aminoglycosides, bactrim, fluroquinolone
Dx: Gm stain, culture (EMB - metallic green, macconkey), ferment lactose
Misc: indicates fecal contamination

Gram: negative
Shape: bacilli
Metab: lactose fermentor
Virulence: capsule, non motile, LPS
Path: pneumonia, UTI
Drug: 3rd gen ceph, CIPRO
Dx: EMB, macconkey

Gram: negative
Shape: bacilli
Metab: urease splitter, no lactose ferm
Virulence: swarming motile, LPS
Toxin: none
PAth: UTI
Drugs: Ampicillin, bactrim
Dx: EMB, macconkey, urease split

Gram: negative
Shape: bacilli
Metab: no H2S productin or lactose ferm
Toxin: LPS, Shiga toxin (inhibits 60S ribosome)
Path: bloody diarrhea (like EIEC)
Drugs: Fluroquinolone, Azithromycin, bactrim
Dx: bloody diarrhea, not normal flora

Gram: negative
Shape: bacilli
Metab: produce H2S, no lactose ferm
Virulence: flagella (H-Ag), capsule (Vi), LPS
Path: Typhoid fever (fever, abd pain, liver/spleen big)
Drugs: Cipro, ceftriaxone, bactrim,
Dx: culture blood/urine not normal flora
Misc: facultative intracellular parasite

Gram: negative
Shape: bacilli (curved w/ 1 flagella)
Metab: oxidase +, ferments all sugar cept lactose
Virulence: H-Ag, mucinase, fimbriae, noninvasive, LPS
Toxin: Cholera - increases cAMP to cause electrolyte loss,
Path: Cholera (watery diarrhea)
Drugs: Fluids, doxycycline, fluroquin
Misc: fecal-oral

Gram: negative
Shape: bacilli (looks like V. cholera)
Metab: microaerophile, oxidase +
Virulence: H-Ag, invasive, LPS
Toxin: hemolytic toxin
Path: 25% OF ALL food poisoning
Drugs: Doxcycycline, fluroquin
Dx: uncooked food, fecal oral

Gram: negative
Shape: bacilli
metab: obligate aerobe, oxidase +, no lactose
Virulence: H-ag, hemolysin, etc, LPS
Toxin: Exotoxin A
Path: BEPSEUDO (burns, endocard, pnumo, sesis, otitis media, UTI, osteomyeltis)
Drugs: very resistant. Aminoglycocide + PCN

Gram: negative
Shape: coccobacilli
Metab: aneaerobic
Virulence: capsule (b = bad), attachemnt pili, IgA protease
Toxin: none
Path: encapsulated: meningitis, epiglottitis, sepsis, sep arthritis, pneumo
Drugs: cephalosporin, vaccine
Dx: Gm stain, chocolate agar,
Misc: Human only (respiratory)

Gram: negative
Shape: coccobacilli
Metab: anaerobic
Virulence: capsule, B-lactamase, FHA
Toxin: pertussis toxin (increase cAMP), Filamentous hemgluttinin (bind to cilia)
Path: whooping cough (pertusis) (low fever, cough, etc)
Drugs: Tdap, eryrhtromycin
Dx: PCR, BG media
Misc: respiratory infection

Gram: negative
Shape: bacilli
Metab: can be intracellular,
Virulence: pili, flagella
Toxin: cytotoxin
Path: Legionnaires (pnumo w/ fever and cough), pontiac fever
Drugs: Erythromycin, rifampin
Dx: culture on charcoal-yeast, IFA/ELISA
Misc: respiratory, facultative intracellular in alveoli macros

Gram: negative-like (NO PTG)
Shape: can't see well
Metab: elementary body (infectious) and Reticulate body (active)
Virulence: resist lysozome, stops phagolysosome, non-motile
Toxin: no toxin
Path: Conjunctivitis, pneumonai, COMMON STD (serility, LGV, PID, urethritis, etc)
Drugs: Doxycycline and Erythromycine, Azithromycine
Dx: Cannot be cultured, shows no Gm - diplococci (Neisseria), IFA, serologic,
Misc: Obligate intracellular

Gram: negative
Shape: pleiomorphic
Metab: Obligate intracellular, need ATP
Virulence: nonmotile
Toxin: none
Path: RMSF (fever, redness, HA, spotted rash), damages ENDOTHELIUM
Drugs: Doxyclycline, chloramphenicol
Dx: Serology, can't culture
Misc: Obligate intracellular, Southeast, Lonestar tick

gram: negative
shape: pleiomorphic
metab: obligate intracellular, need ATP, endospore!
vir: nonmotile
toxin: none
path: Q fever (fever, HA, pneumo, no rash)
drugs" Doxycycline, erythromycin, pasteurization
Dx: Complement fixation
Misc: Obligate intracellular, SPORES

Gram: negative
shpe: pleiomorphic
metab: obligate intracellular in WBC only
Path: Ehrliciosis: similar to RMSF w/out a rash. Cause vasculitis
Drugs: Doxycycline, Rifampin, Resist chloramphenicol
Misc: Obligate intracellular, dog ticks

Gram: negative
shape: spiral (can't see tho)
Metab: STD, microaerophile, sensitive to temp
vir: motile
Toxin: none (host response causes probs)
Path: Syphilis:1st. Painless, single, infectious chancre. 2. rask on palms/soes, CNS eyes.
3. Gumma ,CV, cardiac
Drugs PCN
Dx: Treponemal tests, VDRL (non-trep), 2-step Westblot/ELISA
Misc: STD, humans only

Gram: negative
Shape: spirchete (can see, bigger)
Metab: microaerophile, deer tick vector
Toxin: none
Path: Lyme disease: 1st erytema (target) 2. more erythema, CNS, cardiac, jts. 3. chronic arthritis
Drugs: Doxycycline
Dx: ELISA/West blod
Misc: Deer tick. Northeast

Gram: acid fast
Shape: bacilli w/ mycolic acid
Metab: aerobic, cat +, slow growth (macros intracellular)
Vir: Mycosides: cord, sulfatides, wax D. intracellular growth
No toxin
Path: TB: primary: asymptomatic w/ lungs.Reactivation: pulmonary, plerual lymphs, kidney, etc
Drugs: Isoniazid
Dx: AFB, PPD (mantoux) test, chest xray > 10mm = infected.
Misc:Facultative intracellular

Gram: acid fast
shape: bacilli
metab: aerobic, cat +, low temperature
Vir: nonmotile, intracellular growht
Toxin: None
Path: Leprosy: Lepromatous (infectious, low immunity, skin, nerves, eyes, leionine), Tuberculoid (good immunity, non-infectious, skin and nerve lesions
Drugs: Rifampin,
Dx: Can't be cultured, biopsy
Misc: Facultative intracell

Gram: partial AF, partial Positive
Shape: bacilli (filamentous)
Metab: aerobic, not normal flora
Path: Pneumona and abscesses like TB
Drugs: Bactrim
Dx: Gm stain and AFB
Misc: Immunocompromised, respiratory
transmission

Gram: none
shape: pleiomorphic
Metab: no cell wall, needs cholesterol, facultative
Virulence: P1 to attach to epithelial in URT
Toxins: none
Path: tracheobronchitis. Walking pneumonia
Drugs: Macrolides, tetracyclines, quinolones
Dx: PCR, comp fix, cold agglutinins
Misc: smallest bact

Disease: Candidiasis
Manifestation: Oral thrush, Yeast infection, UTI, Mucocutaneous
Path: Acute pyogenic abscess
Growth: Pseudohyphae (only one to do
this - sausage links!) and yeast
Treatment: fluconazole, imidazole, AMB, etc
Notes: cutaneous/systemic

Disease: Cryptococcosis
Manifest: Flu-like symptoms. Fatal. Chronic meningitis
Path: Little tissue inflammatory response
Growth: Yeast w/ polysacc capsule
Treatment: AMB, flucytocysteine
Notes: systemic

Disease: Aspergilliosis
Manifest: Pneumonia, Aspergilloma, allergies,
Path: Hypersensitivity and blood vessel invasion
Growth: Septate hyphae
Treatment: Surgery for glioma, corticosteroids for allergies, AMB, voriconazole,

Disease: Mucormycosis
Manifest: Sinusitis, rhinocerebral mucormycosis
Path: Blood vessel invasion
Growth: Non-septate Hyphae
Treatment: AMB, surgery
Misc: very fatal

DIsease: Histoplasmosis
Manifest: pulmonary disease, pneumonia (w/ calcified lesions), Histoplasmoma
Path: Chronic granuloma formation (looks like TB)
growth: Dimorphic
Drugs: Itraconozole, AMB
Notes: Located in Mississippi valley, systemic

Disease: coccidioidomycosis
Manifest: asymptomatic, pnumonia, can disseminate to other parts
Growth: Dimorphic: mycelia at 25C, yeast at 37
Drugs: AMB, Itraconazole, Fluconazole
Misc: Desert of US, systemic

Disease: blastomycosis
Manifest: asymptomatic (uncommon), pneumo (no calcified lesions), disseminated, skin ulcers
Path: can spread to the rest of body?
Growth: Dimorphic. yeast w/ thick walls and broad buds
Drugs: Itraconazole, AMB
Notes: systemic

Transmissoin: Fecal-oral
Morphology: Amoeba: oocyst and trophozoite (bulls eye nucleus w/ RBC in cytoplasm)
Symptom: bloody diarrhea (colon lesions) and liver abscesses
Diagnosis: Cysts and trophos in cytop, PCR, Ag capture
Drugs: Metronidazole, Tinidazole
Notes: Virulence due to causing apoptosis in colon. Most entamoeba are non-patho

Transmission: Fecal-oral (contaminated water - beavers!)
Morph: Oocysts. Flagella trophos
SymptomsLfoul smelling, fatty diarrhea.
Dx: Cyts/trophos in stool
Drugs: Mentronidazole, Tinidazole

Transmission: Oocysts from stool. Contaminated food
Symptoms: N/V. Watery diarrhea
Dx: stool exam for oocysts that glow under UV
Drugs: Bactrim

Transmitted: Fecal-oral
Morphology: Oocyst is infective. Life cycle in epithelials
Symptoms: Water diarrhea, vomit, abd pain
Dx: fecal exam for oocyst
Drugs: None for immune incompetnet
Note: obligate intracellular

Transmitted: Fecal-oral
Morpho: Oocyst is infective
Symptoms: diarrhea and malabsorption esp in AIDS
Dx: Oocyst in stool. Eosinophilia
Drugs: Bactrim
Note: obligate intracellular

Transmission: Freshwater lakes. Water up the nose!
Morpho: Amoeba
Symptoms: meningitis. Very fatal
Dx: CSF exam
Drugs: AMB

Transmission: Freshwater lakes, dirty contacts
Morpho: amoeba stage. Cyst in brain
Symptoms: chronic granulomatous brian infection or meningencephalitis
Dx: CSF and brain tissue exam
Drugs: antifungal drugs. Not successful

Transmisison: STD
Morpho: No cyst. Flagella tropho
Symptoms: vagina burning, frothy discharge
Dx: vagina discharge, urine exam
DrugsMetronidazole
Misc: Not really intestinal…

Transmissin: Ingest oocyst of cat feces, raw pork, or congenital
Morpho: Cyst = infectious. Trophozoites
Symptoms: Congenitally acquired: chorioretinitis. Other: all tissues can be affected
Dx: Serology (IgM, IgG),
Drugs: Sulfadiazine+pyrimethamine
Notes: Obligate intracellular

Transmission: Sandfly vector
Morpho: Amastigote = intracellular and nonflagellated in humans
Symptoms: Cutaneous, visceral, mucocutaneous, leishmaniasis
Dx: Blood smear, IgG titers
Drugs: Antifungal drugs (AMB)
Misc: Visceral hemoflagellate disease

Transmission: Tsetse fly bite
Morpho: Trpyo is motile extracellular
Symptoms: African sleeping sickness: fever, HA, winterbottom's, CNS symptoms
Dx: trypomastigotes in blood, serology
Drugs: Suramin or Melasoprol
Misc: Rhodiense (Southeast Af) is more severe than gambiense (West Af)

Transmission: Kissing bug (reduvid bug). Bites and defecates
Morpho: Amastigoe is intracellular and nonmotile. Trypo is motile in blood
Symptoms: Chagas' disease
Dx: Trypomastigotes in blood
Drugs: Nitrofurtimox, Benznidazole

Transmission: Female anopheles mosquito bites at night
Morpho: Life cycle (sporozoite,
mesozoite, trophozoite)
Symptoms: Malaria: periodic fever and shakes, sweats, anemia
Dx: Blood smear of trophozoites
Drugs: Chloroquine or quinine
Misc: Many resistances to this: Duffy, sickle cell, G6PD. Falciparum is worst?

Transmisison: Deer tick (same as lyme disease)
Morpho: sporozoites in tick, extracellular trophozoites in humans.
Symptoms: anemia, fatigue in immune compromised
Dx: blood smear extracellular ring form outside of RBCs. Neast US
Drugs: quinine w/ clindamycin

Nematode
Transmission: ingest eggs
Symptoms: asymptomatic, cramps, dry cough/fever, worms
Dx: eggs in stool, eosinophilia
Drugs: mebendazole, albendazole, ivermectin, pyrantel paramoate

Nematodes
Transmission: larvae penetrate skin
symptoms: diarrhea, abd pain, itchy at bite
Dx: fecal exam for eggs, eosinophilia
Drugs: mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate, albendazole
Misc: Ancyclostoma duodenum

Nematode
Transmission: larvae penetrate skin
Symptoms: vomit, diarrhea, anema, weight loss
Dx: Fecal exam for larvae (NO EGGS), others
Drugs: Ivermectin, albendazole, thiabnedazole

Nematode
Transmission: Ingestion of cysts in pork
symptoms: fever, abd pain, muscle aches,
Dx: serologica, musc biopsy, eosinophilia
Drugs: albendazole, mebendazole, thiabendazole
Misc: cook pork!

Nematode
Transmission: Ingest eggs
Symptoms: perianal itching
Dx: scotch tape test. NO EOSINOPHILIA
Drugs: Mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate, albendazole

Blood nematode
Transmission: vector = black fly
Symptoms: River blindness, skin nodules, allergic rxn
Dx: skin biopsy
Drugs: Ivermectin, doxycycline,

Trematode (fluke)
Transmission: pentrate thru skin, eggs in water, snail int host
Symptoms: acute schistosomiasis (katayama fever)
Dx: eggs in stool, eosinophilia
Drugs: praziqantel

cestode
Transmission: ingest undercooked pork. Ingest eggs = cysticercosis
Symptoms: cysticercosis: eggs hatch in sm intestine, muscle, CNS, eye, etc
Dx: Fecal exam,
Drugs: praziqantel and albendazoel

Cestode
TransmissioN: ingest fertilized eggs
Symptoms: Hydatid cysts (liver and lung) - lil tws
Dx: CT scan
Drugs: surgical removal of cysts