Pediatric Nutrition

• rare genetic disorder in which the body cannot properly turn food into energy
• usually caused by defects in specific proteins that helps body break down food

• food product that is not metabolized can build up and cause problems.
• can cause developmental delays
• diet change can help
• type and extent of change depends on specific error

• detection is complicated
• symptoms are nonspecific
• most infants look normal at birth

• screening of all newborns
• goal is early identification and treatment before signs and symptoms show up

• known to be at risk
• siblings
• confirmatory testing of a positive neonatal screening test

• pku
• phenylketonuria

allows for the screening for over 30 disorders by analyzing metabolites in a blood spot collected on a filter paper

• fructose intolerance
• galactosemia
• maple sugar urine disease
• phenylketonuria

• person lacks protein needed to break down fructose
• if consumed, chemical changes occur in the body
• body cannot change its energy storage material into glucose
• blood sugar falls and substances build up in the liver

• can be seen after baby starts formula or food
• convulsions
• excessive sleepiness
• irritability
• jaundice
• poor feeding as baby
• problems after eating fruits
• vomiting
• removing fructose and sucrose in diet -treatment

• body is unable to use simple sugar galactose
• makes up half of lactose-found in milk
• damage liver, brain, kidneys, and eyes
• cannot tolerate any form of milk

• avoid all milk-containing products
• infants can be fed with soy formula, meat-based formula, lactose-free formula
• calcium supplements

• metabolism disorder passed down through families
• body cannot break down certain parts of proteins
• smells like maple syrup
• gene defect

• diet free of branched-chain amino acids is started when amino acid levels are normal
• man-made infant formula with low levels of amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine
• follow diet to prevent nervous system damage
• requires frequent blood tests
• life threatening

• genetic disorder
• cannot process part of phenylaline- in almost all foods
• damage brain and cause mental retardation

• diet of low-protein foods
• includes many fruits and vegetables
• some low-protein breads, pastas, cereals
• special formula, made without Phe to help with vitamins and minerals
• for life

• normal at birth
• 3-6 months begin to lose interest in surroundings
• age 1 developmentally delayed and skin has less pigmentation
• IDDs

• serious emotional and physical problems that can have life-threatening consequences for females and males
• anorexia
• bulimia
• binge eating disorder

• characterized by distorted or disturbed attitudes or behaviors surrounding food
• may include preoccupation with body image as well as weight

• normal growth and maturation processes
• height
• bone density
• pubertal development
• emotional health

• life-long eating habits, self esteem, exercise and body image is constructed
• seeds are sown in early childhood
• mind is impressionable/molded
• kids developing anxiety about size and shape
• prevalence is rising
• spectrum ranges from full-fledge eating disorders to food refusal
• more and more hospitalized
• may not fit into criteria for ed, but have stopped growth and dev.
• dieting can begin as young as 6-7
• dissatisfaction with body image is increasing in girls 5-8 years

• body dissatisfaction
• dieting
• drive for thinness

• 81% of 10 year olds afraid of being fat
• 42% 1-3rd grade girls want to be thinner
• children concerned about body image at 4-5 are dieting by age 9
• 40% of nine ear olds have already dieted, early as 4-5 year olds want to
• 51% of 9-10 year olds feel better when dieting
• 9% of 9 year olds have vomited
• 20% of elementary girls starve themselves
• 24% skip meals
• 40% 4th graders say they've dieted very often
• 46% of 9 year olds and 81% of 10 year olds admit to dieting, etc
• as young as 4
• children of anorexic mothers were already depressed, whiny, dysfunctional eating at 5
• sporty girls have concerns ages 5-7

• impaired memory
• decreased attentiveness
• slowed reaction time
• impaired thinking
• impaired ability to do school work

• refusing typical family foods
• skipping meals
• i'm too fat, she's too fat
• withdrawal from friends
• clothing issues
• preoccupation with food
• abnormal eating habits
• feelings of isolation, depression, or irritability, inability to express feelings
• parents who exhibit similar feelings/behaviors
• low self-esteem, self confidence

• encourage physical activity
• no teasing about appearance
• build self-esteem; value
• provide a broad range of food and respect appetite
• keep food in its place, fuel for body and health
• do not use food as punishment or reward
• promote self confidence, esteem expression of feelings
• show respect for diversity
• food is neither good or bad

• develop healthy eating habits
• develop positive attitudes toward foods and eating
• enjoy a variety
• develop in a holistic manner-cognitive, physical, emotional, social

activities that impart information about food and its use in the body

combinations of basic and related factual information that represent a more generalized statement or idea.

• all animals and plants need food
• eating food helps children grow, play, learn and be happy
• many foods are good for us
• eating food makes us feel good

• after food is eaten, these nutrients are set free to work in our bodies
• nutrients do different things
• many different nutrients are needed each day
• foods are the sources of all of the nutrients we need

• different foods provide different nutrients so we need to eat lots of kinds
• need to work together
• children should explore how foods differ

• cleanliness of all materials is important
• some foods need to be cooked
• involving children helps with teaching
• eating food that hasn't been handled properly can make them sick

• weekly posting of menus
• provide parents with report of recipes, new foods
• ask for parental feedback on child's reactions
• present evening meetings and workshops
• accompany children to food-related field trips
• eat lunch with them
• help plan menus
• share recipes

• promotion of language development
• promotion of cognitive development
• promotion of sensorimotor development
• promotion of social/emotional development

• why
• what
• how
• when
• do the activity
• follow-up after activity