-
Kretchmer's body types
- asthenic- lean and narrowly built, with a deficiency of thickness in their overall bodies.
- athletic- broad shoulders, excellent musculature, a deep chest, a flat stomach, and powerful legs.
- pyknics- medium build, with a propensity to be rotund, sort of soft appearing with rounded shoulders, broad faces and short stubby hands.
-
Sheldom's somotypes
- 1.) endomorphy- soft, fat people
- 2.) mesomorphy- muscular/athletic
- 3.) ectomorphy- skinny, flat, fragile
-
Trials of spiritualism
- 1.) trial by battle
- 2.) trial by ordeal
- 3.) compurgation
-
“learning by association”
classical conditioning
-
a process by which humans and animals learn to behave in such a way as to obtain rewards and avoid punishments.
operant conditioning
-
Five Propositions of Social Learning Theory
- 1.) Delinquency is learned in the same way as conforming behavior.
- 2.) Primary learning mechanisms are differentially, reinforced, experiences/expected rewards, punishments and imitations.
- 3.) Rewards and punishments can be non-social.
- 4.) Learning occurs as a process of differential association.
- 5.) This is a complex process with reciprocal effects.
-
Agnew's coping mechanisms
- 1.) emotional
- 2.) behavioral
- 3.) cognitive
-
Cohen’s groups of delinquent boys:
- 1.) corner boy
- 2.) college boy
- 3.) delinquent boy
-
Cloward and Ohlin's subcultures
- 1.) criminal
- 2.) conflict
- 3.) retreatist
-
Merton's modes of individual adaptation:
- conformity
- innovation
- ritualists
- retreatists
- rebellious
-
Matza's triggers for delinquency
desperation and preparation
-
a process by which the person discovered that a given infraction could be pulled off by someone, that the individual had the ability to do it himself of herself and that the fear or apprehension could be managed.
preparation
-
relationships and reinforcements
outer containment
-
tends to control the individual to some extent no matter how the external environment has changed.
inner containment
-
the child develops a concept of who he or she “really is” by imagining how he or she appears to others and how others interpret and evaluate what they perceive and then by forming a sense of self based on that process.
looking glass self
-
social relationships that are meaningful and we don’t want to jeopardize.
stakes in conformity
-
social control over people.
morality
-
techniques of neutralization:
- 1.) denial of responsibility
- 2.) denial of injury
- 3.) denial of the victim
- 4.) condemnation of the condemners
- 5.) appeal to higher loyalties
-
Gottfredson & Hirschi's key to effective parenting:
direct control
-
Static age of children according to Gottfredson & Hirschi
age 8
-
Hirschi's social bonds:
- attatchment
- commitment
- involvement
- beliefs
-
Tittle's continuum of deviance:
- left side: repression
- middle: conformity
- right side: autonomy (complete control)
-
Social domains in which criminals are failing according to Gottfredson & Hirschi
school, work, marriage and so on.
-
Tittle's control balance theory:
- balanced control- conformity
- control deficit and surplus- more likely deviant
-
BARJ (balanced and restorative justice)
balances community safety, accountability and competency development.
-
separates the child out of his group for specialized treatment plays a greater role in making the criminal than perhaps any other experience.
dramatization of evil
-
a practice that regularly takes large numbers of males out of inner-city communities for prolonged absences.
coerced mobility
-
arises from a variety of sociocultural and psychological sources.
primary deviance
-
precipitated by the responses of others to the initial proscribed conduct.
secondary deviance
-
shunning offender, which results in pushing him or her further from society.
disintegrative shaming
-
all processes of expressing disapproval which have the intention or effect of invoking remorse in the person shamed and/or condemnation by others who became aware of it.
shaming
-
Basic idea of conflict theory:
- The structure of capitalism involving private ownership and vast differences in equality creates conflict and contradictions that provide the conditions of crime.
- Conflict theorists see the source of conflict in different group interests.
-
source of conflict is class structure of capitalisms exploitative system of economic production.
basic idea of marxist approach/radical theory
-
a coercive instrument of repression used by the dominant classes.
how the Marxist approach/radical theory (instrumental version) sees the law
-
protector and ideological vehicle of capitalist system and an ideological vehicle mystifying class exploitation in building consensus for capitalism by providing genuine rights and protections.
how the marxist approach/radical theory (structualist verison) sees the law
-
Quinney's crimes of dominance:
- crimes of control (police brutality)
- crimes of the government (Watergate-style offenses)
- crimes of economic domination (white-collar crime, organized crime
-
Quinney's crimes of accommodation and resistance:
- predatory crimes (theft)
- personal crimes (homicide) which were provoked by the conditions of capitalism
- crimes of resistance (terrorism) which involved the political struggle against the state.
-
what peacemaking criminology aims to build:
trust and a sense of community
-
They are a form of violence and should be destroyed because they reflect “a social ethos of violence and degradation”.
abolitionists' view of prisons
-
Postmodern view of criminals:
- “excessive investors” in the use of power to dominate others. They expropriate the ability to make a difference by denying others.
- Victims are “recovering subjects” contingent on becoming fulfilled but never completing the process damaged through having that process interrupted.
-
Beginning of post modern thought
after World War II
-
the impact of the West Coast Labeling Theory centering around Howard Becker.
Theoretical influence of new criminology
-
Left realism view of criminals:
- 1.) structurally powerless
- 2.) commit genuine harm
- 3.) create real fear through victimizing others, especially others who are powerless
- 4.) victims of capitalisms structural contradictions and of the state via the Criminal Justice System.
-
argued that lifting restrictions on women’s opportunities in the marketplace gave them the chance to be as greedy, violent, and crime prone as men.
Adler's Sister's in Crime
-
significant differences in the ways that women experience society compared with men.
gendered lives.
-
female experiences are mapped to explore what led them to crime as well as desistence from it.
gendered pathways
-
is not to push men out so as to bring women in, but rather to gender the study of crime.
goal of feminism
-
he described female criminality as an inherent tendency of women who, in effect, had not developed properly into feminine women with moral refinements.
Lombroso’s The Female Offender
-
What postmodern feminism seeks
to deconstruct the “racial, class, and gender stratification that hasresulted from modern Western civilization.”
-
Premises of Inside the Criminal Mind-
- Criminals think differently.
- How a person behaves is determined by how he thinks.
- Criminals are egocentric.
-
Three policies from the conservative agenda:
- Three strikes
- Truth and Sentencing
- Incarceration of more offenders.
-
what individuals thought were their chances of getting caught.
certainty
-
what individuals thought would happen to them after they were caught.
severity
-
CRAVED
Concealable, Removable, Available, Valuable, Enjoyable, Disposable
-
VIVA
Value, Inertia, Visibility, Access
-
the actual behavioral act of breaking the law.
crime.
-
states punishment serves as an example to general public
- General deterrence
- speed trap, makes you slow down.
-
aimed at specific perpetrators to keep them from doing it again.
specific/special deterrence
-
Rational Choice Theory key assumption:
decisions offenders make are purposive.
-
defined as reducing opportunities for offense to occur.
situational crime prevention
-
Three components of Routine Activity Theory:
- A suitable target is available
- Absence of capable guardians
- Motivated offender
-
concepts of one theory overlap with another
Conceptual integration
-
sequence of theories linked in an additive process.
end to end integration
-
separate components of theories apply differently to separate groups of offenders.
side by side integration
-
relationships exist between theories. Sequence of variable blending.
Propositional integration
-
life-course persistent
- Problems early in life are important (such as abuse)
- Biology and environmental issues (such as neuropsychological defects)
- Changing manifestations of same problems.
-
Peak age of crime curve
age 17
-
the harshness of the punishment an individual would be given.
swiftness
-
adolescence limited
- normal delinquency
- difficult to explain
- maturity gap
-
individual (micro) and aggregate (macro) levels of abstraction. (moving from greater to less or reverse)
up and down integration
-
levels cause deviance, social label increase in deviance.
deviance amplification
-
Broken windows
Wulson and Kelling: community disorganization= failure to fix broken windows.
-
main ideas of marxist feiinism
- Takes focus of individual female offender and places it on laws by society.
- Female crime is simply a response to the system.
|
|
