psych final.txt

persons tend to have long histories of failing to comply with social norms, violating the rights of others, and engaging in behavior that most persons would find unacceptable andtend to be irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful, lack a conscience and empathy, and selfishly take what they want and do as they please without guilt, regret, or remorse.

persons are extremely sensitive to the opinions of others and therefore avoid most relationships

persons lead tumultuous lives, characterized by patterns of unstable moods and relationships, impulsivity, coupled with a very poor self-image and are at great risk for suicidal behavior

persons tend to be overly dramatic and often appear as if they are acting.

persons show an exaggerated and unreasonable sense of self-importance and preoccupation with receiving attention to such an extent that they lack sensitivity and compassion for other people.

persons show a fixation on things being done the right way to such an extent that it prevents them from actually completing much of anything.

persons in this disorder are excessively mistrustful and suspicious of others, without any justification, and assume that others are out to harm or trick them.

a person who endures patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts and are inflexible and maladaptive, and cause either significant functional impairment or subjective distress

persons show a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a very limited range of emotions in interpersonal situations.

persons with this disorder are typically socially isolated like those with schizoid personality disorder, think and behave in odd and unusual ways, and tend to be highly suspicious and hold odd beliefs

the absence of speech, includes brief replies to questions with little content, delayed comments or slowed responses toquestions or as disinterest in conversation

a lack of pleasure, or indifference to activities that would normally be considered pleasurable, including eating, social interactions, and sexual relations

breaking of associative threads or the breakdown of forces that connect one function to the next (inability to keep a constant train of thought)

(aka apathy) the inability to initiate and presist in activities. persons show little interest in performing even the most basic daily functions such as personal hygiene

persons experience 1+ positive symptions of schizo (ie delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech or behavior) within one month; often percipitated by an extremely stressful situation and commonly dissipates on its own.

motor dysfunctions that range from wild agitation to immobility

the person may hold unusual postures for hours on end

persons show unusual motor responses and odd mannerisms, show echolalia (repeating or mimicking the words of others) and echopraxia (imitating the movements of others)

persons display a persistent belief that is contrary to reality in the absence of other schizophrenia symptoms. persons do not have flat affect, anhedonia, or other negative symptons of schizo, they may become socially isolated as a function of their delusions that tend to be long-standing.

several, often frustrating forms of communication problems in persons with schizo

persons show marked disruptions in their speech and behavior, including flat or inappropriate affect, self-absorption

a term describing a particular family communication style that is related to schizo relapse

(aka affective flattening) occurs in 1/4 of persons with schizo & refers to the absence of normally expected emotional responses; show little change in facial expression but not the experience of appropriate emotions, which suggests that flat affect in schizo may represent difficulty in expressing emotion not an inability to feel emotion

silly and immature emotionality

laughing or crying at improper times

indicate the absence or insufficiency of normal behavior and include emotional or social withdrawal, apathy and poverty of thought or speech

delusions of grandeur and persecution

these persons have hallucinations and delusions, intacto cognitive skills and affect and do not generally show disorganized speech or flat affect

refers to active manifestations of abnormal behavior or an excess or distortion of normal behavior

characterized by unusual behaviors but it really refers to either delusions or hallucinations

persons have had at least one episode of schizophrenia but are no longer displaying major symptoms, often display residual symptoms (ie social withdrawal, bizarre thoughts, inactivity or flat affect)

persons suffer from symptoms of schizophrenia and a mood disorder; such persons do not tend to get better on their own

characterized by a broad spectrum of cognitive and emotional dysfunctions that include hallucinations and delusions, disorganized speech and behavior, and inappropriate emotions

persons who have experienced symptoms of schizophrenia for a few months only and usually resume normal lives

a time to describe a mother whose cold, cominant, and rejecting nature was thought to cause schizo in her children

residents earn access to meals and small luxuries by behaving appropriately

these drugs affect positive symptoms of schizo (reduce/eliminate hallucinations & delusions) and help persons think more clearly; not equally effective for all persons and often involve a trial and error process to find a medication that works best; conventional antipsychotics work in ~60% of persons but have several unpleasant side effects

involves involuntary movements of the tongue, face, mouth, or jaw and can include prorusions of the tongue, puffing of the cheeks, puckering of the mouth and chewing movements. results from high doses of antipsychotic meds

an inability to recognize and name objects

the "strange disease of the cerebral cortex" that causes "atypical form of senile dementia", discovered by Alois Alzheimer in 1906

characterized by circumscribed loss of memory and an inability to transfer information into long-term memory.

difficulty with language

persons suffer from significant impairment in the ability to engage in meaningful social interaction

persons with inattention, overactivity, and impulsivity. persons start tasks but rarely finish them, have trouble concentrating and do not seem to pay attentino when others speak.

a childhood disorder characterized by significant impairment in social interactinos and communication and by restricted patterns of behavior, interest, and activities

pervasive developmental disorder involving severe regression in language, adaptive behavior and meotor skills after a 2- to 4- year period of normal development

characterized by impaired consciousness and cognition that develops somewhat rapidly over the course of several hours or days

is a cognitive disorder that includes a gradual deterioration of brain functioning that affects judgment, memory, language, and other advanced cognitive processes.

multiple cognitive deficits that develop gradually and steadily. there is predominant impairment in memory, orientation, judgment and reasoning and this feature includes inability to integrate new information and failure to learn new associations, forgetting important events or losing objects, narrowed interest in routine activities, loss of interest in others

caused by an extra 21st chromosome and is sometimes referred to as trisomy 21. caused by the failure of cell division of chromosome 21. associated with characteristic facial features, cognital heart malformations, and dementia of the alzheimer's type

an individual's problems in spoken communication, as measured by significantly low scores on standardized tests of expressive language test scores. limited vocabulary or errors in verb tense

an inability to recognize familiar faces may also occur and is extremely distressing to family members

typically caused by accidents and can lead to cognitive impairments in children and adults, with memory loss being the most common symptom. an external factor that can cause dementia

causes AIDS and also causes dementia. HIV seems responsible for the neurological impairment

a genetic disorder that initially affects motor movements, typically in the form of chorea (involuntary limb movements)

problems related to academic performance in reading, mathematics, and writing that is substantially below what would be expected given the person's age, IQ, and education

an achievement below expected performance in mathematics

a disorder of childhood that involves below average intellectual and adaptive functioning

a degenerative brain disorder that affects about 1 out of 1,000 people worldwide. motor problems are characteristic of this disorder, and include stooped posture, slow body movements, tremors, and jerkiness in walking, speech tends to be very soft and monotone

persons have problems with language, socialization and cognition

a significant discrepancy between a person's reading achievement and what would be expected for someone of the same age.

developmental disorder characterized by the individuals consistent failure to speek in specific social situations despite speaking in other situations

disturbance in the fluency and time patterning of speech

an increase risk of developing a disorder

disruption in early development involving involuntary motor movements or vocalizations

a progressive brain disorder that is the second leading cause of dementia next to alzheimers disease

caused by thalamic damage resulting from stroke or, more commonly, chronic and heavy alcohol use. amnestic disorder.

methylphenidate: ritalin, metadate, concerta; d-amphetamine: dexedrine, detrostat (effective in 70% of cases); adderall (a longer-acting version of these psychostimulants, reduces the need for multiple doses during the day & has similar positive effects)

legal procedings that determine a person has a mental illness and may be hospitalized, even involuntarily

one of a proposed set of guildelines for evaluating clinical interventions on the evidence of their effectiveness

one of a proposed set of guidelines for evaluating clinical interventions by whether they can be applied effectively and cost effectively in real clinical settings

ability of legal defendants to participate in their own defense and understand the charges and the roles of the trial participants

legal procedure by which a person who is found not guilty of a crime by reason of insanity must be confined in a psychiatric hospital

tendency to violence that, contrary to popular opinion, is not more likely among mental patients

systematic removal of people with severe mental illness or mental retardation out of institutions like psychiatric hospitals

inability of a person to understand the nature of his behavior such that there can be no criminal intent

mental health professional's responsibility to break confidentiality and notify the potential victim whom a client has specifically threatened

person who because of special training and experience is allowed to offer opinion testimony in legal trials

term formally used to mean psychological disorder but less preferred because it implies that the causes of the disorder can be found in a medial disease process

movement of people with severe mental illness from large psychiatric hospitals to smaller group residences

ethical requirement whereby research subjects agree to participate in a research study only after they receive full disclosure about the nature of the study and their role in it

a state cannot constintutionally confine a non-dangerous individual who is capable of surviving safely in freedom by himself or with the help of willing and responsible family and friends

the court ruled that therapists must warn persons at risk of harm by their clients

set standards for minimum staff-to-patient ratios, structural requirements, and that facilities make positive efforts to attain treatment goals for their patients

ruling stated that because of the potential negative side effects, people cannot be forced to take antipsychotic medication

established a series of protection and advocacy agencies in each state to investigate allegations of abuse and neglect to act as legal advocates

persons with criminal propensitiesto the commission of sex offenses

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory test is almost 90% accurate in revealing malingering in people caliming to have posttraumatic stress disorder and mental health professionals appear capable of providing reliable information about a persons competence, or ability to understand and assist with a defense

Personality disorders and mental retardation (paranoid pd, schizoid pd, schizotypal pd, borderline pd, antisocial pd, narcissistic pd, histrionic pd, avoidant pd, dependent pd, ocd)

categorical is limited to a yes or no response to whether the patient has the disorder or not; dimensional allows a 3-point scale to decide whether the patient has the disorder, "yes, not sure, no"

a swiss psychiatrist who was the first to introduce the term schizophrenia, believed that the core of schizo was in an associative splitting of basic personality functions

a german psychiatrist who provided the most enduring description of schizo, he combined catatonia (alternating immobility and excited agitation), hebephrenia (silly and immature emotionality), and paranoia (delusions of grandeur and persecution) and labeled them as falling under the heading dementia praecox; determined this as a manic-depressive illness by emphasizing onsent and outcome

A. is the odd or eccentric cluster and includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal pd; B. is the dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster and includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narcissistic pd; C. is the anxious or fearful cluster and includes avoidant, dependent and ocd pd

enlarged lateral ventricles, frontal lobes tend to be less active (hypofrontality) or tend to e too active (hyperfontality)