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_____ is the lowering of the surface of the continents
denudation
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the movement of particles downhill, caused by collision of raindrops on the ground
splash erosion
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the most important weathering agent
water
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a feature formed by precipitated deposits of minerals on the wall, floor, or roof of a cave
speleothem
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a stream that consists of a multiplicity of interwoven and interconnected shallow channels
a braided stream
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the location in the U.S. that suffered great economic damage due to sinkholes in the 1980's
Florida
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a sharp irregularity in a stream channel profile, commonly caused by abrupt changes in bedrock resistance
knickpoint
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profuse cracks that can be responsible for extensive weathering despite their size
microscopic openings
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landform at the mouth of a river produced by the sudden dissipation of a stream's velocity and the resulting deposition of the stream's load
a delta
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the union of oxygen atoms with atoms from various metallic elements to form new products
oxidation
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sheetlike deposits of calcite formed where water flows down the walls or along the floors of a cave
flowstone
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the region of the former Yugoslavia where karst topography recieved its Germanized name
Kars
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Simplest, most obvious, and fastest form of mass wasting
rock slide/ fall/ rock fall
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a winding channel that is more common than straight ones, usually with gentle and irregular curverature
sinuous channel
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streams flowing outward in all directions from a central dome or peak
radial
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a hydrothermal feature consisting of a surface crack that is directly connected with a deap-seated source of heat
fumarole
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channeled movement of water along a valley bottom
stream flow
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a speleothem formed through the meeting of a stalactite and a stalagmite
a column or pillar
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what are the significant aspects of a floodplain
a low-lying, nearly flat alluvial valley floor that is periodically inudated with flood waters
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the steps of denudation are
weathering, mass wasting, and erosion
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what are the types of mechanical weathering?
frost wedging, salt wedging, temperature changes, exfoliation
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how does frost wedging occur?
upper surface of water freezes and expands, which means that the principal force of expansion is exerted against the wall of the confining rock rather than upward. the expanding wedge of ice splits the rock
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how does salt wedging occur?
in dry climates, water is often drawn upward in rock openings by capillary action, this water nearly always carries dissolved salts, when the water evaporates, the salts are left behind as tiny crystals, with time, the crystals grow, prying apart the rock grain by grain
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how does temperature changes affect weathering?
the fluctuation of temperature from day to night and from summer to winter can cause minute changes in the volume of most mineral particles, forcing expansion when heated and contraction when cooled. tending to break rocks apart
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how does exfoliation affect weathering?
the curved layers peel of bedrock
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what are the types if chemical weathering?
oxidation, hydrolysis, carbonation
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how does oxidation occur?
when oxygen dissolved in water comes into contact with certain rock minerals, the minerals undergo oxidation, in which the oxygen atoms combine with atoms of various metallic elements making up the rock and form new products
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how does hydrolysis occur?
the chemical union of water with another substance to produce a new compound that is nearly always softer and weaker than the original
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how does carbonation occur?
the reaction between the carbon dioxide in water and carbonate rocks, such as limestone, to produce a very soluble product that can readily be removed by runoff or percolation and can also be deposited in crystalline form if the water is evaporated
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