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validity
- property exhibited by a test that measures what it purports to measure
- accuracy
- types:face validity, content validity, criterion validity, concurrent validity, predictive validity, construct validity
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face validity
- measures whether a test looks like it tests what it is suppose to test
- on the surface
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content validity
- property by a test in which each item is representative of the larger body of knowledge about the subject that the test covers
- cross-section examination
- uses item analysis
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item analysis
process of examining each question on a test to see how it is related to the objectives being tested
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criterion validity
- property of a test that accurately measures performance of a test taker agains learning goal
- have to meet certain level
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concurrent validity
meeasures how much a characterstic has now
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predictive validity
a measure of future performance
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construct validity
looks for relationships in testing
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measure validity
- correlation between test scores & some other relevant measure
- relationship between two scores
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reliability
- property of a test that yields the same results over time
- consistency
- types: test-retest reliability, split-half reliability
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test-retest reliability
property of a test on which people get about the same scores when they take the test more than once
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split-half reliability
measure of reliability in which a test is split into two parts and and individual's scored on both halves are compared
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measure reliability
look at correlation between two scores on same test
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norms
standards used to compare scores of test takers
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percentile score
indicates the percentage of people who achieved the same as or less than a particular score
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normal range
scores falling near the middle of a normal distribution
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objective tests
tests that can be scored easily by machine, such as multiple-shoice and selected-response tests
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subjective/projective tests
- tests when idividuals are given an ambiguous figure or an open-ended situation and asked to describe what they see or finish a story
- no right answer
- difficult to grade
- problem:inter-rater reliability
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inter-rater reliability
a measure of how similarly two differect test scores would score a test
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aptitude tests
- assess person's capacity to learn, predict future performance
- measures ability and potential
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achievement tests
assesses what a person has already learned or accomplished
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speed tests
large number of relatively easy items in limited test period
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power tests
- items varying difficulty with adequate test period
- items of increasing difficulty
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group test
- test many people at one time
- test taker workds alone
- cheaper
- more objective
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Binet-Simon Test
- Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon
- calculated child's mental age
- compared it to chronological age
- identifies which children needed attention in school
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Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test/Scale
- Lewis Terman
- individual IQ test with IQ calculated using ratio formula: MA/CA x 100
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intelligent quotient (IQ)
- a numerical score on an intelligence test
- MA/CA x 100
- problems: older people looked stupid on tests
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mental age
the average age at which normal (average) individuals achieve a particular score
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chronological age
the number of years since the individual's birth
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Wechsler Intelligence Test/Scale
- David Wechsler
- three age individual IQ tests:
- 1. WPPSI (wechsler preschool & primary scale of intelligence)
- 2. WISC (wechsler intelligence scale for children)
- 3. WAIS (wechsler adult intelligence scale)
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mental retardation
IQ under 70
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psychometricians
- focus on methods for acquiring & analyzing psychological data
- measure mental traits, abilities, & processes
- mental testing
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g factor
- Charles Spearman
- a general ability as the main factor underlying all intelligent mental activity
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crystallized intelligence
- Raymond Catell
- the knowledge a person has acquired & the ability to access that knowledge
- store & retrieve infor
- measured by tests of vocab, math, & general info
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fluid intelligence
- Raymond Catell
- the ability to see complex relationships & solve problems
- measured by tests of block design & spatial visualization
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triarchic theory of intelligence
- Robert Sternberg
- combines three main forms of intelligence:
- practical intelligence
- analytical intelligence
- creative intelligence
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practical (contextual) intelligence
- Robert Sternberg
- ability to cope with the environment
- "street smarts"
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analytical (componential) intelligence
- Robert Sternberg
- ability measure by most IQ tests
- includes abilit to analyze problems & find correct answers
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creative (experiential) intelligence
- form of intelligence that helps people see new relationships among conceptes
- involves insight & creativity
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multiple intelligences
- Howard Gardner
- proposes that there are seven (or more) forms of intelligence
- linguistic, logical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal,nature
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linguistic
vocab & reading comprehension
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bodily-kinesthetic
athletics
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interpersonal
understand others
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intrapersonal
understand self
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nature
understands the natural environment
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savant syndrome
found in people with a remarkable talend event hough they are mentally slow in other areas
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emotional intelligence (EQ)
- Daniel Goleman
- notions of intrapersonal or interpersonal intelligence
- ability to retrain yourself & work with others
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self-fulfilling prophecy
- Rosenthal & Jacobsen
- observations or behaviors that result primarily from expectations
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bias-questions on tests
- do not bode well for all people from different nationalities
- goal: culture-fair tests
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culture-relevant tests
test skills & knowledge related to cultural experiences of the test takers
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nature
- highest correlation between identical twins
- adopted children can resemble biological parents
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nuture
IQ scores can improve if child is place in stimulating environment
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flynn effect
- steady increase in performance on IQ tests over the last 80 years
- possibly resluting from better nutrition, educational opportunities & health care
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culture-familial retardation
retardation attributed to sociocultural deprivation (lower-class families)
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Lews Terman's study on intelligence
- strong correlation between IQ & academic achievement
- gifted people tend to be happier & better overall health
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eugenics
a philosphy & political movement that encouraged biologically superior people to interbreed & sought to discourage biologically inferior people from having offspring
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Arthur Jensen
- intelligence is 80% hereditary
- whites did better on IQ tests than african-americans
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Hernstein & Murray (The Bell Curve)
- claimed racial differences in IQ have strong genetic base
- other factors could have cause low IQ scores
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within-group differences
- range of scored for variables being measured for a group or individuals
- top compared to bottom
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between-group differences
usually the difference between means of two groups of individuals for a comment variable
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Stereotype Threat
- Claude Steele
- anxiety influences achievement of members of a group concerned that performance on a test will confirm negative stereotype
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heritability
- the amount trait variation within a group, raised under the same onditions, that can be attributed to genetic differences
- tells us nothing about between-group differences
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standardization
- two-part test development procedure
- first establishes test norms from the test results of the large representative
- then assures that the test is both administered & scored uniformly for all test takers
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performance tests
test taker knows how to respond to questions & tries to succeed
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factor analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies common factors among groups of items by determining which variables have high degree of correlation
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