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What is the function of the reproductive system?
To produce gametes (sex cells)
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Name the primary reproductive organ?
Gonads
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What is included in the reproductive system?
The primary reproductive organs, duct system, accessory reproductive organs, & external genitalia.
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What are the gametes?
Sex cells
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Name the three sex hormones.
Testosterone, estrogen & progestrone.
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Name the five areas of the duct system in males.
Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, ductus deferens (vas deferens), ejaculatory duct & the uretha.
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What are the accessory organs in the male reproductive system?
Seminal vesicles, protrate, & bulbourethral glands.
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What are the external genitalia of the male reproductive system?
Scrotum & penis
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Where are the testes located?
Hanging out in the scrotum outside the body.
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What are the six functions of testosterone?
Stimulates spermatogenesis, maturation of spermatoza (sperm cells), maintains accessory organs, development of secondary sex characteristics, stimulates growth & metabolism, & brain development (sex drive, sexual behavior)
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What is the shape of the seminiferous tubules?
U-shaped
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What is the seminiferous tubules connected to?
A single straight tubule.
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Where does the straight tubule enter on the testis?
The mediastinum
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How are straight tubules arranged within the mediastinum?
Extensively interconnected, forming a maze of passageways known as rete testis.
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What ductules connect the rete testis to the epididymis?
Efferent tubules.
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What do the interstitial cells produce?
Androgens
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The septa partition the testis into compartments named what?
Lobules.
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What do the lobules house?
Seminiferous tubules.
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What fills the external spaces between the tubules?
Loose connnective tissue.
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What surrounds each tubule?
A delicate capsule.
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What is within the spaces (loose c.t) of the tubules?
Numerous blood vessels & large interstitial cells.
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What does the seminiferous tubules produce?
Sperm
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What are the five important functions of the nurse cells?
Maintenance of blood testis barrier, support of spermatogenesis, support of spermaiogenesis, secretion of inhibin, & secretion of androgen binding protein.
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Describe the blood-testis barrier.
Tight junctions between extensions of nurse cells isolate the luninal portion of the seminiferous tubule from the surrounding interstitial fluid.
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Where does spematogenesis begin?
At the outer most layer of cells in the seminiferous tubules.
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Define meiosis.
A form of cell division that produces gametes containing 1/2 the normal number of chromosomes.
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How does mitosis differ from meiosis?
The number of chromosomes are reduced by 1/2. From 46 to 23.
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From beginning through maturation, what are the steps of spermatogenesis?
Spermatogonia, meiosis I, meiosis II
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What does the head of the spermatozoa contain?
Acrosomal cap and densely packed chromosomes.
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What does the neck of the spermatozoa contain?
Both centrioles of original spermatid.
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What does the middle piece of the spermatozoa contain?
Mitochondria & microtubules.
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What is unique about the tail of the spermatozoa?
It's the only flagellum in the human.
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What are the contents of semen?
Sperm, seminal fluid,& enzymes
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Define of the process of oogenesis?
Production of female gametes.
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How does oogenesis differ from spermatogenesis?
Oogenia (stem cells) complete their mitotic divisions before birth.
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During puberty what triggers the beginning of the ovarian cycle?
(FSH) Follicle stimulating hormone.
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What is the most important estrogen?
Estradiol. It dominates prior to ovulation.
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When is the ovarian cycle?
21-35 days.
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What are the important functions of estrogen?
Stimulates bone & muscle growth, maintains female secondary sex characteristics, affects CNS activity (sexual drive/behavior), maintains functions of reproductive glands/organs, & initiates repair & growth of the uterine lining.
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What is the purpose of progestrone?
Continue the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy.
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What are the six steps in the ovarian cycle?
Primodial follice-primary follicle, secondary follicle, tertiary (mature follicle), ovulation, & corpus albicans.
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What hormones are used in the ovarian cycle?
Estradiol, lutenizing hormone, & progesterone.
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What controls the uterine cycle?
The ovarian cycle.
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What are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle?
Menses (day 1-7), proliferation (day 7-14), & secretory (day 14-28).
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Name the hormones responsible of mammary gland development.
Prolactin & growth hormone.
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What is oxytocin responsible for in the mammary glands?
Contraction of smooth muscules.
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