Accounting Final

• Probable debts pr obligations of the entity that result from past transactions, which will be paid with assets or services.
• Current Lia.- Maturity 1 year or less
• Noncurrent Lia- Maturity more than one year

Employers incur several expenses and liabilities from having employees.

• Federal income tax// State and local income tax
• Amount withheld depend on the employee's earning and the tax rates.
• Employers owe the income tax amounts withheld from employee's gross pay to the appropriate government agency.
• Current Liability.

Social security tax paid by employees required by the federal insurance contribution act.

• Amount withheld depend on the employee's request.
• Employers owe the voluntary deductions withheld from employees gross pay to the designated agency.

Face value equals amount borrowed plus interest---- cash received is less than face value.

An adjusting entry is required to record interest expense incurred to date.

• When a company has operations in a foreign country, it often borrows in the local currency. This reduces exchange rate risk.
• Because interest rates vary from country to country, companies may borrow in the foreign market with the lowest interest rate.

Current Assets- Current Liabilities

Changes in working capital accounts affect cash flows as indicated in the following table.

Is the company able to pay its debts as they come due.

• Current Assets / Current Liabilities
• Measure of liquidity.

• Dealing with time periods other than one year, when the amount of time is stated in terms of an annual rate:
• n= number of years x compounding periods in one year
• i= annual interest rate / compounding periods in one year

• P= amount today
• Fn= amount after n years
• i= interest rate per number of time periods
• n= number of time periods

• Fn= P x (1+i) ^N
• table A.3

• P= Fn / (1+i) ^n
• table A.1

• An annuity is made up of equal cash flows at equal intervals. Many rental payments and mortgage payments are annuities.
• Equal dollar amount each interest period.
• Interest periods of equal length.
• Equal interest rate each interest period.
• table A.2

• The value now of a series of equal amounts to be received for some specified number of periods in the future.
• Table A.2

Is the sum to which an amount will increase as the result of compound interest.

• Table A.3
• Asked to calculate how much money you will have in the future as the result of investing a certain amount in the present.

• Deposit a fixed amount of money into a saving account each month. This will tell you what you will have in the future.
• Table A.4

The amount the bond promises to pay the holder at maturity.

Multiplied by the face value, it determines the cash paid by the issuer at regular time intervals, usually semi-annually.

• The market rate will be the discount rate used in the issuance present value calculation.
• MIR- current rate of interest on a debt when incurred.

• The difference between the selling price and par when the bond is sold more than par.
• Stated Rate > Market rate
• Price > Face Value

• The difference between the selling price and par when the bond is sold for less than par.
• Stated Rate< Market Rate
• Price < Face Value

Bond market values are expressed as a percent of their par value.

• Stated Rate = Market Rate
• Price = Face Value

• Bonds do not affect owner control.
• Interest on bonds is tax deductible.
• Bonds can increase return on equity.

• Bonds can decrease return on equity when the company pays more in interest that it earns on the borrowed funds.
• Bonds require payment of both periodic interest and par value at maturity.

Debt to Equity= Total Liabilities / Owners Equity

This ration shows the relationship between the amount of capital provided by owners and the amount provided by creditors. In general, a high ration suggest that a company relies heavily on funds provided by creditors.

• Purchase goods from other businesses to make their business run.
• These transactions create accounts payable.
• Interest does not usually accrue on AP

• Expenses that have been incurred before the end of an accounting period but have not been paid.
• Ex- Property tax, electricity, and salaries.
• Recorded as adjusting entries at year end,

• Interest that is associated with the use of money over time.
• To calculate interest you must remember three things 1. principle (cash borrowed) 2. annual interest rate 3. time period for loan.
• Interest = principle x interest rate x time

Revenues that have been collected but not earned; they are liabilities until the goods or services are provided.

Is a potential liability that has arisen as the result of a past event; not an effective liability until some future events occurs.

• Include all obligations that are not classified as current liabilities, such as long term notes payable and bonds payable.
• More than one year in the future.

• when a company leases an asset on a short term basis. (delivery trucks)
• Does not meet any of the four criteria established by GAAP and does not require the recording of a asset r liability.
• Most prefer to record it as this type of lease.

• Lease an asset for a long term basis rather than purchase it.
• Meets at least one of the four criteria established by GAAP and results in the recording of an asset and liability.

• Lease term is 75 percent or more of the assets expected economic life.
• Ownership of the asset is transferred to the lessee at the end of the lease term
• The lease contract permits the lessee to purchase the asset at a price that is lower than its fair market value.
• Present value of the lease payments is 90 percent or more of the fair market value of the asset when the lease is signed.

is the current value of an amount to be received in the future; a future amount discounted for compound interest.

• is the amount payable at the maturity of the bond and on which the periodic cash interest payments are computed.
• Also called par value or face amount.

Unsecured bond; no assets are specifically pledged to guarantee repayment.

may be called for early retirement at the option of the issuer.

May be converted to other securities of the issuer. (usually common stock)

Is a bond contract that specifies the legal provisions of a bond issue.

• Market determines.
• Not the issuing company or the underwriter.

Present value of the principle and the present value of the interest payments and add them together.

• Simplified method of amortizing a bond discount or premium that allocates an equal dollar amount to each interest period.
• Divide the difference between the issue bond and the bonds payable by the number of periods.
• Each period the book value will now be increased by this amount.
• More companies use this.
• DIVIDE BY # OF PERIODS!!

• Amortizes a bond discount or premium on the basis of the effective interest rate; it is the theoretically preferred method.
• A. (Bond Amount X % X 1/2)
• B. (Beginning Book Value X Dif. % X 1/2)
• C. (A-B)
• D. Beginning Book Value + C