RINGWORM FUNGI USE ENZYME ____ TO DIGEST THE KERATIN PROTEIN IN HAIR, SKIN AND NAILS.
KERATINASE
TOXINS ARE USE BY BACTERIA TO
DAMAGE THE HOST AND CAUSE DISEASE
EXOTOXINS ARE
PROTEINS SECRETED BY MICROBES INTO THEIR SURROUNDINGS THAT CAN BE PRODUCED BY GRAM+ OR - CELLS & TRAVEL THROUGHOUT THE BODY TO AFFECT TARGET ORGANS.
CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM AND TETANI PRODUCE WHAT KIND OF TOXINS?
NEUROTOXINS
ENTERTOXINS ARE PRODUCED BY?
1.VIBRIO CHOLERA
2. STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
3. E-COLI (ENTEROPATHOGENIC)
4. SALMONELLA
RESPIRATORY TOXINS ARE PRODUCED BY?
BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS
THIS BACTERIA IN THE CILIARY BORDER OF THE CELLS LINING THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT PRODUCE AN EXOTOXIN THAT CAUSE PARALYSIS OF THE CILIA AND ACCUMULATION OF MUCUS THAT SENDS THE CHILD INTO A COUGHING FIT
BORDETELLA PERTUSIS
TOXOIDS ARE?
NOT TOXIC BUT THEY STIMULATE THE PRODUCTION OF THE SMAE ANTIBODIES THAT THE ACTUAL TOXIN WOULD PRODUCE.
T/F HARMFUL BACTERIA EXOTOXINS CAN BE DENATURED TO PRODUCE HARMLESS TOXOIDS AND SINCE THEY CONTAIN THE SAME ANITGENIC MOLECULES PRODUCES ANTIBODIES LIKE THE EXOTOXIN AND IT CAN BE USED AS A VACCINE AND PROTECT THE PATIENTS.
TRUE
_________&_______ VACCINES ARE TOXOIDS, PRODUCED FROM DENATURED INACTIVATED EXOTOXINS PRODUCED BY BACTERIA
TETANUS AND DIPHTHERIA
TOXINS PRODUCED BY GRAM - BACTERIA AND ARE LIBERATED AS THE BACTERIA CELL DIES?
ENDOTOXINS
IN ENDOTOXINS THE__________ PORTION OF THE GRAM- CELL WALL IS THE TOXIN AND AS THE CELLS DIE AND THE CELL WALL DISINTEGRATE THE TOXIN IS RELEASED
LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS)
ENDOTOXINS ARE HEAT STABLE SO THEY DONT PRODUCE_____
TOXOIDS
ENDOTOXINS ARE NOT AS FATAL AS EXOTOXINS BUT CAN CAUSE WHAT?
FEVER, ACHES, AND FATIGUE AND CAN RESULT IN PRODUCING SHOCK WHICH CAN LEAD TO DEATH.
PORTAL OF EXIST IS ?
A WAY OF ESCAPE FROM ONE HOST IN ORDER TO ENTER A NEW HOST
PORTAL EXISTS ARE
RESPIRATORY SECRETIONS
URINE
FECES
BIOLOGICAL VECTORS
SKIN LESIONS
EPIDEMIOLOGY IS
THE STUDY OD DETECTING THE SPREAD OF DISEASE MONITORING THE NUMBER OF CASES AND WHERE THEY OCCUR AND CONTROLLING THE SPREAD OF DISEASE.
INCUBATION PERIOD
Infection 1st starts no s+s
PRODROMAL PERIOD
Pt 1st begin to notice s+s
DISEASE PERIOD
when infection cause illness
CONVALESCENCE PERIOD
s+s are resolved pt start to recover
WHAT IS ENDEMIC?
Constant number seen over a period of time in a specific region
WHAT IS EPIDEMIC?
a drastic increase in numbers beyond what is expected for a population
WHAT IS PANDEMIC?
epidemic across continents
WHAT IS MORBIDITY?
sickness
WHAT IS MORTALITY?
death
WHAT IS A VECTOR?
an animal that trasmits disease
WHAT IS A FOMITE?
nonliving objects that serves a reservoir of disease
WHAT IS ZOONOSES?
infections that animals get and pass -> humans
WHAT IN INSECT CAUSES LYME DISEASE?
A TICK
WHAT INSECT CAUSES MALARIA?
ANOPHELES MOSQUITO
WHAT INSECT CAUSE ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTED FEVER?
TICKS
WHAT INSECT CAUSE EPIDEMIC TYPHUS?
WHAT INSECT CAUSE TULAREMIA?
DEERFLIES, TICKS, AND MOSQUITOS
WHAT INSECT CAUSE YELLOW FEVER?
MOSQUITOES
WHAT INSECT CAUSE BUBONIC PLAQUE /
RAT FLEAS
WHAT CAUSES CHAGA'S DISEASE?
KISSING BUG (REDUVID)
WHAT CAUSES AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS?
TSETES FLIES
WHAT CAUSES ENCEPHALITIS?
A MOSQUITO AND TICKS
HOW MANY LINES OF DEFENSE DOES YOUR BODY HAVE?
3
THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE AND IS NONSPECIFIC
SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES
THE 2ND LINE OF DEFENSE AND IS NONSPECIFIC
PHAGOCYTIC WBC
3RD LINE OF DEFENSE AND IS SPECIFIC?
B&T LYMPHOCYTES
SPECIES RESISTANCE
ONLY GET DISEASES IN YOUR SPECIES
RACIAL RESISTANCE
EX INDIANS OF AMERICA DIED OUT WHEN THE EUROPEANS BEING EXPLORING
INDIVIDUAL RESISTANCE
WHY THE SAME PATHOGEN CAUSE DIFFERENT OUTCOMES IN DIFFERENT PEOPLE
PREDISPOSING CONDITIONS THAT MAKE PEOPLE LESS RESISTANCE(MORE SUSCEPTIBLE) TO GETTING INFECTIONS
1ST LINE OF DEFENSE IS NONSPECIFIC TRYING TO PROTECT YOU FROM WHAT?
ALL INVADING ANTIGENS
ONLY THE EPIDERMIS AND EXTENSTIONS FROM OPENINGS OF THE EPIDERMIS HAVE NORMAL FLORA. THE DERMIS AND EVERYTHING INTERNAL IS WHAT?
TYPICALLY STERILE
THE SKIN IS WHAT TYPE OF BARRIER TO MICROBES?
IMPERMEABLE
SWEAT CONTAINS LYSOZYMES THAT WHAT?
KILLS BACTERIA
DRY SKIN IS MORE ACIDIC AND IT DOES WHAT?
INHIBITS THE GROWTH OF BACTERIA AND FUNGI
THIS HAS A NEUTRAL pH WHICH ENCOURAGES BACTERIAL GROWTH
MOIST SKIN
SALT SECRETED IN SWEAT ARE
INHIBITORY TO MANY BACTERIA. HALOPHILES (S. EPIDRMIDIS AND S AUREUS) HAVE NO PROBLEM LIVING IN THAT ENVIROMENT
INHIBITORY TO MANY BACTERIA AND FUNGI
FATTY ACIDS CONTAINED IN SEBUM
YOUR NATURAL FLORA CONSIST OF
HARMLESS BACTERIA, FUNGI AND PROTOZOA WHICH COMPETE WITH PATHOGENS FOR THE ENVIROMENT ON WHICH THEY LIVE.
T/F, MICROBIAL FLORA IS A PART OF YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM UPSETTING THE NORMAL MICROBIAL BALANCE AND INCREASE THE RATES OF INFECTIONS
TRUE
WITHOUT THE NORMAL MICROBIAL FLORA, THE___ ____ DOESNOT DEVELOPE NORMALLY
IMMUNE SYSTEM
T/F EVEN WITH ALL THE CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL BARRIERS SOME MICROBES STILL GET THROUGH THE LINE OF DEFENSE
TRUE
THE EPITHELIAL CELLS OF YOUR MUCOUS MEMBRANE SECRETES?
MUCUS WHICH SERVES TO TRAP MICROBES AND PREVENT THE DEHYDRATION OF THE LINING OF VARIOUS ORGANS
MUCUS CONTAINS LYSOZYMES AND OTHER ENZYMES THAT
ATTACK MICROBES
EACH BODY PART LINED WITH MUCOUS MEMBRANES HAS ITS OWN WHAT AND WHAT DOES IT DO?
NORMAL MICROBIAL FLORA AND OTHER MECHANISMS TO PREVENT THE GROWTH OF UNWANTED PATHOGENS
MUCUS MEMBRANES LINED ORGANS ARE COVERED WITH GLISTENING MUCUS THAT?
KEEPS MOIST AND HELPS TO PREVENT PATHOGENS FROM CAUSING DISEASE
STERILE BODY PARTS
BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM
SPINAL CORD & CSF
MUSCLES, BONES & SINUSES
GLANDS,LIVER, LUNGS
KIDNEYS, URETERS, BLADDER
HEART AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
MIDDLE & INNER EAR
INTERNAL CONTENTS OF YOUR EYES
T/F YOUR ENTIRE NERVOUS SYSTEM, SKELETAL SYSTEM, BONES, LIGAMENTS & TENDONS ARE STERILE
TRUE
T/F YOUR MUSCLES AND YOUR SINUSES ARE NOT STERILE
FALSE THEY ARE STERILE
T/F THE POXIMAL URETHA IS NOT STERILE.
TRUE
THE URINARY SYSTEM FROM THE KIDNEYS TO THE URETERS, URINARY BLADDER, AND URETHRA. THE GLANDS OF YOUR BODY ARE STERILE
TRUE
YOUR CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ARTERIES, VEIN CAPILLARIES, YUR HEART AND BLOOD ARE STERILE
TRUE
YOUR MIDDLE & INNER EAR AS WELL AS YOUR INNER EYE ARE STERILE
TRUE
THE SKIN NORMAL FLORA CONSIST OF WHAT MICROBES?
STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS
CANDIDA ALBICANS
MICROCOCCUS LUTEUS
CORYNEBACTERIUM SPP
THE S&S AND WHAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC NAME FOR ACNE
PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES A OIL IN HAIR FOLLICLES CLOG THE HAIR FOLLICLE PORE FORMING A COMEDONE OR PLUG
THE S&S OF IMPETIGO ARE?
S&S OF FLESH EATING DISEASE?
S&S OF RED MEASLES?
S&S OF MEASLES AND HOW ITS TRANSMITTED AND IS THERE A VACCINE?
COUGH,RUNNY NOSE, WATERY EYES & FEVER, KOPLIKS SPOTS (RED BUMPS WITH WHITE SPOTS) INSIDE THE MOUTH AND OFTEN GET SORE THROAT, FLAT RED PATCHY RASH ON THE HEAD AND FACE THAT SPREADS TO THE TORSO THEN TO EXT.AS RASH SPREAD THE FEVER INCREASE 103-105
TRANSMITTED RESP OR AEROSOL GTT.
YES MMR
S&S OF SHINGLES AND IS THERE A VACCINE AND WHATS THE MODE OF TRANSMISSION?
LOCALIZED PAINFUL SKIN ERUPTIONS.
A VACCINE IS AVAILABLE FOR PT OVER60
TRANSMITTED RESP GTTS OR CONTACT WITH SECRETIONS FROM SHINGLES
S&S OF WARTS, HOW IS IT TRANSMITTED AND IS THERE A VACCINE?
A THICK SMALL CAULIFLOWER LIKE GROWTH WITH TINY PINPOINT CAPILLARIES IN THE WART.
CONTACT
YES
S&S OF SCARLET FEVER, HOW IS TRANSMITTED IS THERE A VACCINE?
S&S OF GAS GANGRENE, HOW IS IT TRANSMITTED IS THERE A VACCINE?
S&S OF HANSEN'S DISEASE, HOW IS IT TRANSMITTED AND IS THERE A VACCINE?
S&S OF ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER, HOW IS IT TRANSMITTED IS THERE A VACCINE AND WHAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC NAME AND WHAT TYPE OF MICROBE?
S&S OF SCALDED SKIN SYNDROME, HOW IS IT TRANSMITTED IS THERE A VACCINE, WHAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC NAME AND WHAT TYPE OF MICROBE IS IT?
S&S OF GERMAN MEASLES HOW IS IT TRANSMITTED IS THERE A VACCINE WHAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC NAME AND WHAT TYPE OF MICROBE IS IT?
S&S OF SMALLPOX HOW IS IT TRANSMITTED IS THERE A VACCINE WHAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC NAME AND WHAT TYPE OF MICROBE IS IT?
S&S OF RINGWORMS, HOW IS IT TRANSMITTED, IS THERE A VACCINE WHAT IS THE SCIENCTIC NAME AND WHAT TYPE OF MICROBE IS IT?
S&S OF CAT SCRATCH DISEASE, HOW IS IT TRANSMITTED, IS THERE A VACCINE, WHATS THE SCIENTIFIC NAME AND WHAT TYPE OF MICROBE IS IT?
S&S OF EPIDEMIC TYPHUS, HOW IS IT TRASMITTED, IS THERE A VACCINE AND WHAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC NAME?
S&S OF DENTAL CARRIES , HOW IS IT TRANSMITTED,IS THERE A VACCINE AND WHATS THE SCIENTIFIC NAME?
S&S OF MUMPS, HOW IS IT TRANSMITTED, IS THERE A VACCINE, AND WHATS THE SCIENTIFIC NAME?
S&S OF GONORRHEA PHARYNGITIS, HOW IS IT TRANSMITTED, IS THERE A VACCINE AND WHATS THE SCIENTIFIC NAME?
THE EYES CONTAIN LYSOZYMES AND HELPS TO ?
FLUSH BACTERIA OVER THE OCULAR SURFACE INTO THE NASOLACRIMAL DUCTS
S&S OF PINKEYE (CONJUCTIVITIS), HOW IS IT TRANSMITTED, IS THERE A VACCINE AND WHAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC NAME?
S&S OF TRACHOMA HOW IS IT TRANSMITTED IS THERE A VACCINE WHAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC NAME?
THE RESPIRATORY TRACT SHOULD HAVE NO?
NORMAL FLORA
NASOPHARYNX MUCUS CONTAINS LYSOZYMES AND IT DOES WHAT?
TRAP BACTERIA BEFORE MICROBES ENTER THE LUNGS.
______ ______ MOVES TRAPPED MICROVES TO THE PHARYNX WHERE THEY ARE SWALLOWED AND END UP IN THE STOMACH.
CILIARY ESCULATOR
NORMAL UPPER RESPIRATORY FLORA IS
STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS
ALPHA HEMOLYIC STREPTOCOCCI
AND STAPH AUREUS IN CARRIERS.
THE UPPER RESPIRATORY CELLS PROTECT THE LOWER RESPIRATORY WITH CILIA AND MUCUS BY USING WHAT?
CILIARY ESCALATOR IT REMOVES POLLEN, VIRUSES AND BACTERIA
INFECTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TRACT CAN OCCUR WHEN PEOPLE SNEEZE, TALK, LAUGH OR COUGH IS CALLED WHAT?
AEROSOL SPREAD
THERE ARE FEW BACTERIA IN YOUR STOMACH DUE TO THE ?
ACIDIC pH
LACTOBACILLILUS ACIDOPHILUS CAN SURVIVE THE?
PASSAGE OF THE STOMACH
INTESTINAL BACTERIA ARE CALLED?
ENTERIC
T/F THE HUGE NUMBER OF ENTERIC BACTERIA ARE HARMLESS AND BENEFICIAL BACTERIA IN THE FLORA HELP TO KEEP THE NUMBERS OF HARMFUL BACTERIA LOW IN YOUR SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINES
TRUE
URINE IS __ IN THE KIDNEYS, URETHER, URINARY BLADDER AND UPPER URETHRA
STERILE
THE NORMAL VAGINAL FLORA BEFORE PUBERTY AND AFTER MENOPAUSE IS MORE LIKE THE SKIN & COLON WITH A
pH MORE NEAR NEUTRAL.
NORMAL VAGINAL FLORA CONSIST OF
STAPHYLOCOCCI
STREPTOCOCCI
DIPHTEROIDS
DURING OVARIAN ACTIVITY THE pH IS NEAR 5 AND CONSIST OF:
LACTOBACILLUS SPP
CANDIDA ALBICANS
ENTEROCOCCUS
CORYNEBACTERIUM
THE VAGINA HAS NORMAL FLORA THAT _____ THRU HER LIFE
FLUCTUATES OR CHANGES
THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS ARE STERILE
TRUE
T/F THE BLOOD OF BABY AND MOTHER MIXES
FALSE THEY DON'T MIX
NUTRIENTS,WASTE,AND GASES AS WELL AS TOXINS, DRUGS AND SOME MICROBES PASS THROUGH THE?
PLACENTA BY DIFFUSION AND OTHER PROCESSES
THE UNBORN CHILD IS STERILE IN A STERILE
AMONIOTIC SAC
IN SYPHILIS THE BABY WILL BE STILL BORN IF
PREGNANT DURING THE 1 OR 2 STAGE
IF PREGNANT DURING LATENT STAGE IF UNTREATED CAN LEAD TO DEATH OF THE NEWBORN
CONGENITAL SYPHILIS
CAN LEAD TO MENTAL RETARDATION, EYE DAMAGE AND HEARING LOSS
TOXOPLASMOSIS
NESSERIA GONORRHOEAE CAN CAUSE
NEONATAL BLINDNESS, BLOOD AND JOINT INFECTIONS
1ST AND 2ND TRIMESTER LEAD TO STILL BORN
LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
3RD TRIMESTER LEADS TO PREMATURE BIRTH AND INFECTION
LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS
LEADS TO CONGENITAL LEPTO OR DEATH
INFECTION LEADS TO DEATH
HIV
HEPATITIS B
CHRONIC HEPATIS->CIRRHOSIS->LIVER CA
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS
MENTAL RETARDATION
BORRELIA BURGDOFERI CAN CAUSE ___ IN NEWBORNS
STILLBIRTH
CANDIDA ALBICANS CAUSES
THRUSH
COMPLICATIONS IN FETAL DEVELOPEMENT IS IS IN THE 1ST 20WKS OF PREGNANCY
VARICELLA-HERPES ZOSTER
STREPTOCOCCUS(GROUP A) CAUSE
SCARLET AND RHEUMATIC FEVER
STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE(GROUP B) CAUSES
LIFE THREATENING BLOOD INFECTIONS AND MENINGITIS
DURING THE 1ST TRIMESTER CAN CAUSE
MENTAL RETARDATION, CATARACTS, DEAFNESS, AND HEART DEFECTS
NEONATAL BLINDNESS
CHLAMYDIA
CAN BE FATAL IN NEWBORNS
HERPES
2ND LINE OF DEFENSE CONSIST OF
PHAGOCYTIC WBC THAT ATTACKS ANTIGENS THAT GOT THROUGH 1ST LINE OF DEFENSE
PHAGOCYTIC WBC ARE NONSPECIFIC TRYING TO RID THE BODY OD ANY
ANTIGENS THAT ENTER THE BODY
PLASMA
FLUID COLLECTION OF UNCLOTTED BLOOD
SERUM
FLUID COLLECTION OF CLOTTED BLOOD
THE FLUID PART OF THE BLOOD CONTAINS
NUTRIENTS, ANTIBODIES, AND HORMONES
RED TOP TUBES FOR BLOOD COLLECTION
CONTAINS NO CHEMICALS
THE LAVENDER TOP TUBES FOR BLOOD COLLECTION CONTAINS
ANTICOAGULANT EDTA
EDTA IN BLOOD COLLECTION ALLOWS THE TECH TO OBTAIN
PLASMA FORM THE TUBE FOR VARIOUS LAB TEST
BLOOD CELLS ARE:
RBC ERYTHROCYTES
PLATELETS THROMBOCYTES
WBC WHITE BLOOD CELLS
GRANULOCYTES ARE:
NEUTROPHILS
EOSINOPHILS
BASOPHILS
NEUTROPHILS ARE
HIGHLY PHAGOCYTIC THAT ACCUMULATES EARLY IN AN INFECTION.
THE MOST NUMEROUS LEUKOCYTE
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
THE FIRST TO ATTACK
EOSINOPHIL ARE
WEAKLY PHAGOCTIC COMMONLY RISE IN NUMBERS DUE TO WORM AND FUNGUS INFESTATION AND ALLERGIES
2ND LINE OF DEFENSE
BASOPHILS
NOT PHAGOCYTIC
RELEASE HISTAMINES AND OTHER CHEMICALS DURING ALLERGIC REACTIONS
2ND LINE DEFENSE
MONOCYTES ARE
HIGHLY PHAGOCYTIC CELLS
WHEN MONOCYTES LEAVE THE BLOOD AND ENTERS THE TISSUES THEY BECOME
MACROPHAGES THAT RISE IN NUMBERS DURING THE LATER STAGES OF INFECTION AND ARE ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL TO THE THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE AND THEY HAVE NO MEMORY
EATS/REMOVE ALL THE DEAD TISSUE AND CELL AND ANTIGENS
LYMPHOCYTES ARE
NOT PHAGOCYTIC AND ARE A PART OF THE 3RD LINE DEFENSE
THESE LYMPHOCYTES MAKES ANTIBODIES
B
THESE LYMPHOCYTES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
T
NATURAL KILLER LYMPOCYTES ARE PART OF WHICH LINE OF DEFENSE
THE 2ND
INFLAMMATION IS A PART OF THE 2ND LINE OF DEFENSE BUT HAS THESE SYMPTOMS
RUBOR=
CALOR=
DOLOR=PAIN
TUMOR=
FEVER D/T INFECTIONS ARE OFTEN DUE TO
MACROPHAGES PHAGOCYTIZING GRAM- BACTERIA
BACTERIA RELEASE THEIR LPS LAYER OF ENDOTOXINS WHICH CAUSE THE MACROPHAGE TO RELEASE
PYROGENIC CHEMICAL(INTERLEUKIN1) INTO THE BLOOD
THE PYROGENS CIRCULATE TO THE HYPOTHALAMUS OF YOUR BRAIN AND RESET YOUR BODYS TEMPERATURE THERMOSTAT
RAISING YOUR BODY TEMP
INTERFERON PROTEINS ARE PRODUCED BY CELLS OF YOUR BODY
THAT HAVE BEEN ATTACKED BY VIRUSES
THESE PROTEINS CIRCULATE AND WARN NEIGHBORING CELLS OF THE BODY THAT A VIRUS IS AROUND THIS ALLOWS THESE NEIGHBORING CELLS TO PRODUCE ANTI-VIRAL PROTEINS
INTERFERON
FEVERS RARELY KILLS PATHOGENIC MICROBES THEY MAY SLOW DOWN THE GROWTH OF SOME MICROBES AND
INCREASE THE SPEED AT WHICH MACROPHAGES WORK.
BETA INFERNON IS A PROTEIN IN WHICH IS FOUND IN SMALL QUALITIES IN
LIVING ORGANISMS
WE USE BACTERIA TO MAKE
INTERFERON
NATURAL KILLER CELLS GENERALLY TARGET
CANCEROUS CELLS AND BIRALLY INFECTED CELLS OF THE BODY
THEY USE ENZYMES TO DESTROY THESE ABNORMAL CELLS
NATURAL KILLERS
NATURAL KILLER ARE MADE FROM
INTERFERON
THE TWO TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTES EACH DEVELOPED FROM STEM CELLS IN THE
BONE MARROW THEN THEY MATURE AS THEY DISPERSE IN THE BLOOD AND LYMPATHIC TISSUE WHERE EACH CELL DETERMINES THE TYPE OF LYMPHOCYTE IT WILL BE
B LYMPHOCYTES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
HUMORAL IMMUNITY USES
ANTIBODIES
B LYMPHOCYTES DIFFERENTIATE AND MATURE IN THE
BONE MARROW
ANTIBODIES (IMMUNOGLONULINS) ARE PRODUCED ON THE
B CELL SURFACE AND ARE THEN CARRIED THROUGH THE BODY IN THE BLOOD
ANTIBODIES ARE MOST EFFECTIVE AGAINST
EXTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS(VIRSUS &BACTERIA)
AND TOXINS
T LYMPHOCYTES DIFFERENTIATE AND MATURE IN THE?
THYMUS
5 TYPES OF ANTIBODIES( IMMUNOGLOBULINS OR Ig's)
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgD
IgE
IgM
1ST ANTIBODY PRODUCED AFTER ANTIGEN DETECTED
RISING IgM MEANS AN INFECTION IS CURRENT
IgG
MAKE ABOUT 80% OF CIRCULATING ANTIBODIES
PASS TO PLACENTA FROME MOTHER ->CHILD
YOUR MAIN HUMORAL DEFENSE AGAINST EXTRACELLULAR BACTERIA VIRUS AND TOXINS
MAIN TO ATTACK FOREIGN INTRUDERS
DIMERS ARE WHAT TYPE OF PROTEIN
AMINO ACIDS/ AND IgA
IgA
THE MAIN IMMUNOGLOBULIN OF MUCUS(SALIVA, TEARS,SEMEN INTESTINAL MUCUS)
IgE
HYPERSENSITIVITY IMMUNOGLOBULIN
RESPONSIBLE FOR TYPE 1 HYPERSENSITIVITIES
LEADS TO ALLERGIES AND ASTHMA
S&S ARISE FAST AND RESULT IN SHOCK AND DEATH
COLOSTRUM MILK CONTAINS A MASSIVE AMT TO HELP PROTECT THE NEWBORN FROM ENTERIC PATHOGEN THAT CAUSES DIARRHEA AND LEADS->DEATH
ALL MAMMALS REQUIRE COLOSTRUM FOR GOOD NEONATAL HEALTH WHICH PROVIDE ___ ___ FROM THE MOTHER
IgA ANTIBODIES
ALLERGENS CAN LEAD TO ?
TYPE1 HYPERSENSITIVITY (IgE)
TYPE 1 HYPERSENSITIVITY (IgE) S&S:
WATERY EYES, RUNNY NOSE AND ITCHY THROAT BUT CAN LEAD -> ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK AND DEATH
ANAPHYLAXIS AND LEAD TO
LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
HIVES
SWELLING OF TONGUE CANT SWALLOW
RADID SWELLING OF THROAT TISSUES
ANTIBODIES THAT YOU GET FROM MOM
IgG
IgA
PEOPLE WITH SEVERE TYPE 1 (IgE) HYPERSENSITIVITY CARRY AN
EPIPEN TO PREVENT ANAPHYLAXIS & SHOCK ENCOUNTERING DANGEROUS ALLERGENS
ANTIBODIES ARE SPECIFIC FOR ONLY ONE
ANTIGEN
THE DIFFERENT ORDER OF AMINO ACIDS GIVES THE ANTIGEN BIDING SITE THE ABILITY TO
RECOGNIZE THE SHAPE OF ONLY ONE ANTIGEN
EPITOPES
ARE CHEMICAL MARKERS OF ANTIGENS
T/F THE ANTIBODY DONT RECOGNIZE THE ENTIRE PATHOGEN AS FOREIGN, IT RECOGNIZE THE CHEMICAL MARKERS WHICH FIT INTO THE THE ANTIGEN BINDING SITE OF THE ANTIBODY
TRUE
2 TYPES OF B LYMPOCYTES
PLASMA
MEMORY CELLS
THAT LIVES IN THE LYMPY NODES, SPLEEN AND OTHER LYMPHOID TISSUES OF YOUR BODY
MEMORY B CELLS
LONG LIVED AND TRANSFORM TO PRODUCE MORE PLASMA CELLS UPON EACH RE-EXPOSURE TO SPECIFIC ANTIGEN THAT THEY TARGET
PLASMA B CELLS
SHORT LIVED AND SECRETE ANTIBODIES FROM THEIR SURFACE
CLUMPING OF ANTIGENS
AGGLUTINATION
COATING THE ANTIGENS TO MAKE THEM MORE DELICIOUS TO MACROPHAGES
OPSONIZATION
COATING ANTIGENS TO BLOCK THEIR ATTACHMENT SITE
NEUTRALIZATION
ANTIBODIES ATTACH TO BACTERIA AND FORM HOLES IN THE CELL WALLS RESULTING THE BACTERIAL CELL LYSIS BY ATTRACTING POTEINS TO TO ATTACH TO THE ANTIGENIC CELL MAKE A DOUGHNUT HOLE IN THE CELL MEMBRANE
COMPLEMENT FIXATION
ANTIBODIES DONT PHAGOCYTIZE ANTIGENS SINCE ANTIBODIES ARE
PROTEINS
2 WAYS TO OBTAIN ANITBODIES
NATURAL ACTIVE IMMUNITY
ARTIFICIAL ACTIVE IMMUNITY
THIS IMMUNITY OCCURS WHEN YOU GET SICK
NATURAL ACTIVE IMMUNITY
OCCURS THROUGH VACCINATION- THIS TYPE OF IMMUNITY IS ANAMXESTIC SPECIFIC AND TOLERANT
ARTIFICIAL ACTIVE IMMUNITY
T/F DEVELOPING ANTIBODIES CAN TAKE WEEK TO DEVELOP PROPER ANTIBODY TITERS(LEVELS)
TRUE
A VACCINE IS MADE OF
DEAD PATHOGENS
ATTENUATED(MODIFIED LIVE) PATHOGENS
TOXOIDS (DENATURED EXOTOXINS)
EPITODES-JUST INJECTING THEM
MOTHER GIVE ANTIBODIES(PASSIVE IMMUNITY) THAT LAST FOR ABOUT 6 MTHS KIDS START VACCINE @2MTHS TO ALLOW TIME FOR
ANTIBODY TITERS(LEVELS) TO RISE TO PROTECTIVE LEVELS
ABOUT 60% OF DEATHS EXCEPT FROM HIV, MALARIA, AND TB ARE
PREVENTABLE THROUGH IMMUNIZATION WITH EXISTING AND NEWLY DEVELOPED VACCINES SUCH AS PNEUMONCOCCAL AND ROTAVIRUS
HEP B VACCINE IS FOR
HEPATITIS B
ROTA IS VACCINE FOR
ROTAVIRUS DIARRHEA
DTaP IS VACCINE FOR
DIPTHERIA
PERTUSSIS
TETANUS
Hib IS VACCINE FOR
HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZA TYPE B CHILDHOOD MENINGITIS
PCV VACCINE IS FOR
PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE FOR STREP PNEUMONIAE
TIV IS VACCINE FOR
TRIVALENT INACTIVATED INFLUENZA VACCINE
MMR IS FOR
MUMPS
MEASLES
RUBELLA
HEPA IS FOR
HEPATITIS A
MCV4 IS FOR
MENIGNGOCOCCAL VACCINE FOR NIEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
IPV IS FOR
INACTIVATED POLIL VACCINE
3RD CAUSE OF MENEGITIS OF COLLEGE AGE
NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
CHILDHOOD MENINGITIS IS THE #1 CAUSE OF DEATH IN
CHILDREN UNDER 5
SOME OF THE REASON PARENT WONT VACCINATE THEIR KIDS?
AUTISM
RELIGION
IgA COLOSTRUM AND IgG TRANSPLACENTA IS
NATURAL PASSIVE IMMUNITY
IMMUNITY DONATED FROM ANTISERUM ANTITOXINS, ANTIVENOM GAMMA GLOBULIN
ARTIFICAL IMMUNITY
ANTISERUM
SERUM WITH HIGH CONCECTRATION OF ANTIBODIES
ANTISERUM COMES FROM
A DONOR ANIMAL OR PERSON THAT HAS HAD THE DISEASE OR HAS BEEN HYPERSENSITIZED THROUGH REPEAT LOSE DOSE INJECTIONS OVER TIME
snake venom is antivenom is an antiserum. serum with
antibodies to a specific snake venom
Can either be natural (when u get a disease) or artifical (vaccination) in either case u develope antibodies
Active immunity
Can either be natural (colostrum & IgG transplacental antibodies) or artifical (receiving antiserum) in this case u dont make antibodies
Passive immunity
Immunity from T lymphocytes the are more efficient against
intracellular pathogens
protozoa
helminths
fungal infections
T cells have antigens specific
T cell receptors
T cell are the most _____ in the general circulation
numerous
Just like antibodies these receptors are made of protein and have a variable amino acid region but they
dont detach from the T cell
Each cell has chemical markers called epitopes which are what T cell receptors
specifically targets when attacking an antigen
2 types of T lymphocytes
helper T cells
delayed hypesensitivity T cells
The first to arrive and reject foreign tissue transplant
Helper T cells
_______ prefers to invade T helper cells
HIV
Helper T cells stimulate _____cells to make antibodies
B
Responsible for delayed hypersensitivites: red, itchy and
swollen skin several hours to days after exposure to the antigen
PPD, poison ivy, cosmetic allergies and contact dermatitis is cause by
Delayed hypersensitivity T cells
HIV binds specifically to cell surface molecular receptors of the
T lymphocyte
Why dont the USA use Bacille Calmette Guerin(BCG) vaccine to prevent TB
make the PPD positive
CD8 are
cytotoxic T cells
suppressor T cells
Chemical released from cytotoxic cells ____ the foreign cells
Lyse
Cytotoxic T cells: antiviral and anticancer cell that are attracted to cells tagged by T cell to cause
death of the foreign cell
This type of T cell regulate immune system homeostasis
Suppressor
Suppressor T cell can also suppress
activity of other immune cells when necessary
This T cell releases perforin proteins to destroy the cell
cytotoxic
The study of blood serum ant the antibodies and antigen which may be in the blood serum
serology
other fluids like semen, saliva, and CSF can be analyzed for the presents of
antibodies and antigens
The presence of antibodies or antigens in tested sample means exposure to an antigen such as
virus
protozoan
fungus
bacterium
In all serologic test we are looking for
good specificity and sensitivity there are no perfect test
serologic test we are looking for
antigen and antibody reactions which indicate exposure to a pathogen
with this we are looking for a test that will only detect the antigen or antibody we are trying to diagnose and no closely related antigen or antibody
test specificity
in this test we are looking for the test that can detect even the tiniest trace of antibody or antigen in the pt
test sensitivity
ELISA means
enzyme
linked
immuno
sorbent
assay
serologic test with poor test sensitivity have high rates of
false negative results
In elisa if the entire series of antibodies have attached tothe well then the enzyme linked antibody will cause the substrate to