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What are Erikson's tasks of adulthood?
- establish a productive work life that permits time to relate to partners and families
- choosing and committing to partner
- having and raising children
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What are 5 markers of adulthood?
- living independently
- completing education
- stable job
- marriage
- children
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What characterizes emerging adulthood?
- continued identity exploration
- instability
- feeling caught between adolescence and adulthood
- great self-focus
- adulthood optimism about future
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what is parent's role in supporting growth?
- financial assistance
- emotional support
- instrumental support
- informational support
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How can you stay close when children leave home?
- new communication methods
- communication patterns mimic those with friends
- often children initiate communication interactions
- parents are often more cautious in giving negative feedback
- siblings may experience loss as the person is no longer there daily
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what is empty nest?
sad, empty feelings many parents have as children leave
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What do grandchildren give to grandparents
- sense of purpose
- pass on values
- chance to redo or undo past mistakes
- can bridge relationship with their children
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what is recommended for effective grand parenting?
- SHEEHY
- provide support to your children, not advice
- learn to wait your turn for time with kids
- have close relationships by modern means of comm.
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What are some sources of stress for parenting one's own parents?
- possible depression and isolation
- conflict with non-caregiving siblings
- decisions about leaving work to meet parents' needs
- role-reversal issues
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What are some work policies that benefit working parents?
- pay the costs of further edu
- offer advancements to practice new skills attained
- train on interpersonal and problem-solving skills
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Parents who felt positive effects from work had what characteristics?
- married
- had jobs that demanded more days per week
- who experienced less stress and autonomy at work
- who had supportive supervisors and coworkers
- who had more parental support from family and friends
- felt they were raising their children as they wanted
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parents most likely to have negative experience:
- put higher priority on work than family
- were more likely to be managers with relatively large responsibilities
- had demanding jobs that were difficult to complete in time
- had jobs that were too stimulating or not enough
- had less parenting support
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what are some of the characteristics of working parents?
- maintain higher levels of involvement with children by increasing work load
- interact more intensely with them
- "intentional parenting"
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what are some cognitive-behavioral strategies?
- i prioritize and do things that are most necessary
- i plan how i'm going to use my time and energy
- i take on tasks if no one else is capable or available
- i limit my volunteer work
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how do you delegate responsibilities?
- preferences are respected in negotiating rules
- problem-solving approach
- household chores can be divided into categories
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who provides most non-maternal care?
relative care: 50%
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what are two aspects of quality in care?
- nurturing, positive, responsiveness
- safe, healthy and developmentally stimulating
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What are ways to help a child adjust to a new family?
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what percent of adoptions are adults related to the children?
approx. 50%
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at what ages do children begin to wonder why they were adopted?
7-11
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What do Brodzinsky and Pinderhuges caution about adoption?
- focusing on problems
- obscures real benefits of adoption
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What family communication patter has the largest amount of adoptive followers?
laissez faire
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what percent of divorced men and women remarry?
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what is a complex family?
family that consists of many individuals who do not live within the basic unit of parents and children but are still important
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what are some myths of divorce and remarriage?
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what percent of teens actually plan for a pregnancy?
19%
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what affect does church have on teen mothers?
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what percent of preemies have insecure attachments to teen mothers at one year of age?
63%
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what are some protective factors for children whose parents are divorcing?
- quality of child
- supportive aspects of family
- external social supports
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describe children's behaviors when they go through a parents divorce
- saddness
- fear
- depression
- anger
- confusion
- relief
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how many children report being bullied?
over 70%
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what percent of children have a serious illness?
10%
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what is the difference between grief, mourning, bereavement
- grief- "heavy" normal reaction to loss- physical reaction
- bereavement- "rob or plunder"- separation or loss through death
- mourn- express grief, culturally prescribed behaviors
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what are the Dougy Centers Guiding principles for grief?
- grief is natural and expected response
- each carries with him or her an innate capacity to heal
- duration and intensity of grief is unique for each
- caring and acceptance are helpful to a person resolving grief
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Bowlby's separation stages
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strategies for parental coping
- form collaborative partnerships with everyone
- balance needs of all family members
- focus on positive aspects of the situation
- emphasize commitment of all family members and helping everyone
- maintain ties to other family and friends
- be flexible with family roles and let others take on new roles
- separating the illness from the child
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what is complicated grief?
when life issues are unexpressed and become locked in frozen blocks of time
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what are some common activities for children experiencing "normal grief"?
- retelling story
- feeling that the deceased person is still with them
- feeling rejected by old friends and making new ones
- calling home during day
- difficulty concentrating at school
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what are six types of childhood loss?
- loss of relationship
- loss of external objects
- environment
- self
- skill or ability
- habits
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four main types of abuse
- neglect
- physical
- emotional
- sexual
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neurobiological responses to maltreatment
- fear creates hormones that trigger adrenal glands to produce cortisol
- high cortisol helps body respond by triggering brain to shut down
- children may become continuously low, less responsive
- may damage the immune system and change memory functions on the brain
- hyperarousal shows decline in intellectual functioning, attention and memory
- poor peer relations
- posttraumatic stress disorder
- disorganized attachment to parent
- poor emo regulation and feelings of self blame
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what are some interventions for abuse
- separate child from abuser
- train parents to cope and parent child appropriately
- therapy to help children manage feelings
- activities that promote feelings of self worth, control, and social connections
- interrupting cycle of abuse
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common mistakes in explaining death to children
- "beth lost her mommy"
- "your grandma is watching you from heaven so you better be good"
- "he went to sleep last night"
- "he is on a long trip"
- "it's god's will. he took him because he is so good"
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signs of suicidal feelings
- child wishes to be with deceased
- hoping to punish person who died by getting even
- attempting to regain power by sing, I'l leave you
- child wishes to die to alleviate pain
- exhibits self anger and danger
- flirts with death
- lose touch with reality
- become preoccupied with death
- cry out for health
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myths about children and grief
- grief and mourning are the same
- child's grief is shorter
- its stagelike and predictable
- infants and toddlers are too young to grief
- children are not affect by grieving and mourning adults
- expression of tears are weak and harmful
- children are better off if they don't attend funerals
- adults should instantly know how to explain and help children
- goal of helping should be to get over it
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strategies for helping
- be honest
- give permission to cry
- encourage funeral attendance
- encourage peer support
- validate feelings
- monitor your own coping mechanisms
- give plenty of love and attention
- let them play
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